Determinants of the progress of myopia among Omani school children: a historical cohort study (original) (raw)
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Observational Study on Myopia Progression in Children
This review examin the trend toward greater rates of myopia as well as possible reasons for this increase rate in children. A lots of basic factors are responsible for myopia progress in children. An attempt to control childhood myopia progression have included various type of spectacles correction and contact lence use. Historical evidence indicates that corneal reshaping contact lenses may slow myopia progression in children. Like these there are various other factors which are responsible for myopia progression, likegenetic defect, axial length ,food habit ,sex ,race, hobbies.
A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide
BMC Ophthalmology, 2020
Background Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6–19 years) around the world. Main body PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between Jan 2013 and Mar 2019 were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cyclopl...
The epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide
Acta Ophthalmologica, 2019
Background: Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6-19 years) around the world. Main body: PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between Jan 2013 and Mar 2019 were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. Studies reporting on non-cycloplegic measurements show exceptionally high myopia prevalence rates in school children in East Asia (73%), and high rates in North America (42%). Low prevalence under 10% was described in African and South American children. In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25 cm and living in an urban environment. Conclusion: Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. New epidemiological studies should be carried out on implementation of public health strategies to tackle and avoid myopia. As the myopia prevalence rates in noncycloplegic studies are overestimated, we recommend considering only cycloplegic measurements.
Prevalence and risk indicators of myopia among schoolchildren in Amman, Jordan
Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ
We aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors of myopia among secondary-school students in Amman. Thus 1777 (1081 males and 696 females) students aged 12-17 years old were recruited from 8 schools randomly selected from 8 different geographic locations in Amman. Data were collected by questionnaire, and self-reported myopia was checked against school medical records. The prevalence of myopia was 17.6%, with no significant difference between males and females after adjusting for other possible variables. Myopia was significantly associated with age, family history of myopia, computer use, and reading and writing outside school. Playing sports was inversely associated with myopia but there was no association with watching television.
RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACQUIRED MYOPIA IN CHILDREN
The article we present the results of a factor analysis of the development of acquired myopia in children. Data of 80 children (160 eyes) with acquired myopia of weak degree and 20 children (40 eyes) without ophthalmic pathology were analysed. The conducted factor analysis revealed 3 main factors that were designated as an «anatomically-constitutional» (48.9 % of the total dispersion), " hereditary " (7.6 % of the total dispersion) and " morphometric " (7.1 % of the total dispersion). It was established that the factor load of more than 0.7 was introduced by the variables of corneal refractive force (-0.882), axial eye length (-0.765), corneal curvature radius (0.748), corneal diameter (0.827), reserve of relative accomodation (-0.721), as well as the stage of connective tissue dysplasia (0,810). The factor load of heredity variable was (0.817), the factor load of the variable of peripapillary layer of nerve fibers was (-0.855). The obtained factor analysis data can be used in individual prediction of the probability of development of myopia in children.
Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2022
To study the causes and risk factors for development of myopia and to see short term progression in children of 0-15 years. Settings and Design: A prospective observational study was conducted among children attending the Ophthalmology department of a Tertiary care centre in Central India, from October 2019 to September 2021. Methods and Material: In order to determine the refractive status of the eye, all subjects underwent visual acuity tests, anterior and posterior segment examinations, and various other investigations. Data was collected during the first year concerning their parents' use of spectacles, duration of indoor activity near work, and outdoor activity, and progression was tracked during the second year. Statistical software SPSS 23.0 version was used to tabulate and analyze the data. Results: Amongst 714 children between the age 0-15 years, myopia was seen in 19.9% subjects. Amongst those with myopia, 28% showed progression. In those showing progression, 50% belonged to 11-15-year age group, a female predilection of 64.3%, 50% with parental history of refractive error, 71.4% subjects were involved in > 2 hours/day of indoor active near work and 57.1% subjects were involved in < 2 hours/ day of outdoor activity. In subjects with progression of myopia, 71.4% had an increase in axial length of < 1 mm. While in subjects less than 10 years of age, steeper cornea was a more common factor for progression as compared to increase in axial length, seen in 57.1% cases. Conclusion: Myopia progression in the growing age group is inversely correlated with time spent engaging in outdoor activity, on the other hand, it shares a strong positive correlation with time spent on indoor active near work. Corneal curvature plays a more significant role in progression of myopia as compared to axial length in younger age group. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
A Comprehensive Study on Prevalence of Myopia in School Going Children
Scholars International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 2019
Myopia is one of the commonest manifestations affecting school going children. Excessive use of gadgets forms the prime cause apart from the other cause like malnutrition, economic status or genetic conditions. The aim is to study the prevalence of myopia in school children in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. With required permissions from the school authorities, five schools were enrolled in the study. 1738 school children of classes 6 th-10 th with age ranging from 9-15 years were registered. There were 982 boys and 756 girls. The method of examination has been clearly explained to them. The results were represented graphically. The prevalence of myopia from the present study from the students of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh was 7.30%. Girls were more affected 8.33%. When the socio economic status was considered, more students from low socio economic group were found to be affected with myopia. The maximum number of students having myopia was in the age group of 12 years. The students were addressed and the results were explained to them. They were adviced the required measures to prevent further progress of the condition. The students with symptoms were suggested for an Ophthalmic consultation.
Prevalence and risk factors for myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria
African Vision and Eye Health, 2017
Despite the consequences of uncorrected refractive error in children, there are no national data on prevalence of refractive error among children in Nigeria. 21,22 Although, a few studies exist for some cities across the country, 13,22,23 to the best of our knowledge, no RESC survey has been reported on the prevalence of myopia in school children in Aba, Nigeria. This study intends to provide information on the prevalence of myopia among school children in Aba, which will be necessary for effective and efficient eye health planning and education. Aim: To study the prevalence of myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in public and private (primary and secondary) schools. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used for selecting participants aged between 8 and 15 years from 12 schools in Aba, Nigeria. Data were analysed for 1197 children who underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The children were divided according to the following criteria: age groups (group 1 [8-11 years] or group 2 [12-15 years]), gender (male or female), level of education (primary or secondary) and type of school (public or private). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤-0.50 D in the poorer eye. Results: The prevalence of myopia was estimated to be 2.7%. Of the 96 children with refractive error, 78.1% were uncorrected. In using logistic regression analysis, risk of developing myopia was associated with older age groups (odds ratio [OR]: 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-9.11; p < 0.010) and higher level of education (OR: 1.73; 95% CI, 1.05-2.86; p < 0.030). There was no significant difference in myopia prevalence between male and female children (p = 0.89). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of myopia and overall prevalence of refractive error in school children in Aba were low, the high prevalence of uncorrected refractive error is a significant public health problem. An effective and sustainable children's vision screening programme is needed to prevent visual impairment and blindness.
2019
Background: Refractive errors are considered as major public health issue as these are most common type of eye disorders. Uncorrected refractive errors are the main cause of avoidable visual impairment which can lead to educational and social disability in adulthood. Objective: To find out the prevalence of refractive errors among secondary school children in Islamabad Pakistan. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study with sample size of 1430 secondary school students. The age of participants was 11-16 years. Data was collected through multistage sampling technique. Vision screening was carried out by Snellen chart and for students with visual acuity ≤ 6/12 refractive status was measured by auto-refractor. Subjective refraction was done according to auto-refractor's results. Myopia, Hypermetropia and astigmatism were defined as Spherical Equivalent (S.E) of ≥-0.5 diopter (D), ≥ +1.0 diopter (D) and ≥ 0.75 D respectively. Students detected with refractive errors were evaluated for different variables. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 software program, frequencies and percentages were calculated. Results: After screening of 1430 students 240 were detected with refractive errors. Overall prevalence of refractive errors was calculated as 16.78%. Out of 240 students with refractive errors myopia was found in 135 (56.3%) student and hyperopia was detected in 46 (19.2%) students. Myopic and hypermetropic astigmatism was prevalent in 43 (17.9%) and 16 (6.7%) students respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that a considerable proportion of secondary school students were affected by refractive errors. Prevalence of myopia is very high and needs to be addressed.
An analysis of high myopia in a pediatric population less than 10 years of age
Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association, 2005
The purpose of this article is to document a comprehensive clinical profile-including the prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia-of a pediatric population less than 10 years of age who manifested 6.00 diopters or more of myopia. Method: A retrospective record review was performed on all pediatric patients less than 10 years of age, examined at the State University of New York (SUNY) State College of Optometry between 1998 and 2001, and with a spherical equivalent of 6.00 diopters or more of myopia. Results: One hundred seventy-eight patients met the criteria. Amblyopia or reduced corrected visual acuity was present in 75.8% of the patients. Strabismus was present in 31.5% of the patients, with essentially equal numbers of esotropes and exotropes. Anisometropia was present in 35.4% of the patients. One hundred forty-five patients had high myopia in the absence of significant ocular or systemic compromising conditions. In this sample of 145, strabismus or anisometropia was an etiology for amblyopia. There was a greater prevalence of bilateral high myopia (64.8%) than unilateral high myopia. Anisometropia was present in 10.6% of the bilateral high myopes, and 78.4% of the unilateral high myopes. Conclusion: Children less than 10 years of age with high myopia have a high risk of having amblyopia, strabismus, and ani-I n general, high myopia is categorized as myopia of 6.00 or more diopters (D).'-6 LOW myopia has a refractive range of 0.25 to 3.00 D, and intermediate myopia is from 3.00 to 5.00 D, and frequently manifests a scleral crescent f~r m a t i o n .~ Congenital high myopia manifests some increase in axial length and can be essentially nonprogressive. It can also manifest retinopathy of prematurity, abnormal ocular refractive components (i.e., keratoconus, lenticonus, and spherophakia), systemic conditions, and synd r o m e~. ' ,~ Prematurity and associated low birth weight are major contributors to increased incidences of high myopia and myopia in general.' Pathologic myopia is high myopia, with the presentation of progressive myopic changes in childhood that include increased axial length and fundus changes. Close to 50% of these children become legally blind as a result of retinal detachments or ma~ulopathy.~ Deller et al.9 believed that at 5.50 D of myopia, the eye starts to depart from its normal spherical shape. Grosvenor and Goss10 and Curtin1 suggested that high myopia of 6.00 D is the borderline for pathologic myopia, with accompanying ocular complications, especially posterior segment changes. sometropia.