Structural Characteristics of Chitin and Chitosan Isolated from the Biomass of Cultivated Rotifer, Brachionus rotundiformis (original) (raw)
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Structural Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan Obtained by Biological and Chemical Methods
Biomacromolecules, 2011
Chitin production was biologically achieved by lactic acid fermentation (LAF) of shrimp waste (Litopenaeus vannameii) in a packed bed column reactor with maximal percentages of demineralization (D MIN ) and deproteinization (D PROT ) after 96 h of 92 and 94%, respectively. This procedure also afforded high free astaxanthin recovery with up to 2400 μg per gram of silage. Chitin product was also obtained from the shrimp waste by a chemical method using acid and alkali for comparison. The biologically obtained chitin (BIO-C) showed higher M w (1200 kDa) and crystallinity index (I CR ) (86%) than the chemically extracted chitin (CH-C). A multistep freezeÀpumpÀthaw (FPT) methodology was applied to obtain medium M w chitosan (400 kDa) with degree of acetylation (DA) ca. 10% from BIO-C, which was higher than that from CH-C. Additionally, I CR values showed the preservation of crystalline chitin structure in BIO-C derivatives at low DA (40À25%). Moreover, the FPT deacetylation of the attained BIO-C produced chitosans with bloc copolymer structure inherited from a coarse chitin crystalline morphology. Therefore, our LAF method combined with FPT proved to be an affective biological method to avoid excessive depolymerization and loss of crystallinity during chitosan production, which offers new perspective applications for this material.
Journal of Renewable Materials, 2022
With a growing population, changes in consumerism behavior and trends in consumption in Indo-Pacific Asia, our seafood processing and consumption practices produce a large volume of waste products. There are several advantages in regulating and sustaining shellfish processing industries. The major advantage of waste management is that it leads to better conservation of natural resources in the long run. Shrimp shell waste contains useful biomaterials, which are still untapped due to inadequate waste disposal and solid waste management. Chitin, the major component of shell waste, can be extracted either chemically or biologically. The chemical extraction approaches, which use acids and alkali, could be an environmental burden. On the other hand, biological methods can be eco-friendly alternatives for shell waste management. In this review, recent trends in management of shellfish waste as sources of chitin, conversion of chitin into chitosan, economic aspects of waste treatment and application of chitosan will be discussed.
This paper describes the most common methods for recovery of chitin from crab shell. Deproteinization, demineralization and deacetylation are the main processes for the extraction of chitin and chitosan. The mechanical properties were investigated to recognize their mechanical applications. Chitin is the most widespread biopolymer in nature, after cellulose. It has great economic value because of their biological activities and their industrial and biomedical applications. Chitin can be extracted from three sources, namely crustaceans, insects and microorganisms. However, the main commercial sources are shells of shrimps, crabs, lobsters and krill that are supplied in large quantities by the shellfish processing industries. Extraction of chitin involves two steps, demineralization and deproteinisation, which can be processed by two methods, chemical or biological. Acids and bases are required for chemical method, while the biological method involves microorganisms. The mechanical properties of isolated crab chitin are highly susceptible to the effects of hydration. Philippine blue swimming crab were used for the extraction of chitin. The extracted chitin was used to form polymer films at different conditions. Polymer films were also formed from commercially acquired chitin. It was observed that the films prepared at different conditions have greater ultimate tensile strengths as compared to the commercially-available films..The Chitin discussed in the present study is analyzed mechanically. Thus ensuring the extracted Chitin and Chitosan could be considered for further applications. This study therefore, intends to extract and investigate the mechanical performance of chitin from crab shell.
Food Science and Biotechnology, 2021
Portunus pelagicus shell waste is highly accumulated in seafood processing factories and has low commercial applications. The objective of this study was to modify and develop a scale-up, simple, and high-yielding chemical method for extraction and purification of chitin and chitosan from P. pelagicus shell waste. The developed method included a new ''pretreatment'' process using acetic acid followed by chemical treatments at each purification step. The final product was characterized by XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. Control chitin and chitosan were produced using a pre-described method for comparison. Yields of crude chitin, chitosan, and purified chitosan were 32.52 ± 0.68%, 26.28 ± 0.47%, and 21.78 ± 0.34% respectively whereas in the control chitin and chitosan the yields were 20.34 ± 0.72% and 13.79 ± 0.93% respectively (p \ 0.05). Better physicochemical and functional properties were recorded in the developed method (p \ 0.05). Hence the developed methodology can be scaled up and used in industrial applications.
Synthesis and Characteristics of Chitosan from Haruan (Channa striata) Fish Scales
Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2020
Background: Haruan fish is one of the fisheries production which is quite popular in South Kalimantan. The body parts of the fish that usually become waste are scales. The lack of management of these wastes raises various issues in the environmental field that can extend to social and health problems, whereas fish scales contain chitin which can be synthesized into chitosan which is useful in the biomedical field. However, chitosan scales (Channa striata) have never been used optimally because there are no data available regarding the content of chitosan scales. Purpose:: The purpose of this study is to identify and know the characteristics of chitosan contained in the scales of haruan (Channa striata). Methods and materials: This research used a descriptive observational method by conducting quantitative analysis to determine physical characteristics (yield, moisture content, ash content, protein content, fat content, fiber content, carbohydrate content), chemical characteristics (...
Comparison of the Quality of Chitin and Chitosan from Shrimp, Crab and Squilla Waste
Current World Environment
Chitin and Chitosan obtained from the crustaceans are having more biological value such as physiological compatibility, non-toxicity, bio digestibility, adsorption and chelating capacity. These biological values of chitosan depend on the quality parameters which are directly related to the source of the raw material. In this study, three commercially available crustacean shell waste such as shrimp, crab and squilla were used for the extraction of chitin and chitosan. The chemical treatment of demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation were used for the production of chitosan. The viscosity quality parameter of the shrimp chitosan (5300cPs) was better than the crab and squilla chitosan. It is due the high solubility (97.65%) of the shrimp chitosan in 1% acetic acid. The degree of deacetylation of the shrimp chitosan (81.24%) directly relates the solubility of the chitosan. The chitosan with these quality parameters considered to be the excellent biological value. The yield ...
Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Chitosan from Fish Scales of Labeo rohita
Dhaka University Journal of Science, 2013
Chitin was extracted from the fish scales of Labeo rohita and chitosan was successfully prepared from it by deacetylation reaction. The prepared chtiosan was characterized by FT-IR spectral analysis and degree of decetylation was determined by pH-metric titration. The molecular weight of chitosan was estimated by viscometric method. Chitosan was converted into its carboxymethyl derivative using alkali and monochloroacetic acid. The prepared carboxymethyl chitosan was characterized by FT-IR spectral analysis and degree of substitution was estimated. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 61(1): 145-148, 2013 (January) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v61i1.15116
Study on Chitin Extraction from Crab Shells Waste
International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Chitin is the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose. It occurs as a component of crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons, fungal cell walls and plankton. In this work, chitin was extracted from crab shells waste by chemical method. It includes two major steps such as demineralization and deproteinization step. These two steps were crucial for the elimination of calcium carbonate and other minerals as well as protein which are present in the shells. To extract the successive chitin, the sequence of these two treatment steps were varied in these experiments. In this study, the chemical compositions of crab shells waste were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the resultant chitins were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Production of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shell wastes
Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 2017
A method was developed for commercial scale production of chitin and chitosan in Bangladesh from marine shrimp, P. monodon and freshwater prawn, M. rosenbergii shell and appendages. Chitin is a macro-molecular linear polymer of anhydro N-acetyl glucosamine (N-Acetyl, 2-Amino 2-Deoxy D-Glucose) and chitosan is deacetylated chitin. For production of chitin, fresh shells of P. monodon having initial bacterial load of >10 5 CFU/g sample and peroxide values of >10 mmol free iodine liberated /kg of oil were washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Adhered proteins were removed by washing with low strength alkaline solution and then rinsed with water. Crude chitin thus prepared was treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid and purified chitin was obtained after treating with low strength alkali solution. Water soluble chitosan was prepared by performing a deacetylation process using 50% NaOH (w/w) at 100 o C for 4-5 hours and then washed, dried and ground. For purification of chitin and chitosan, a series of experiments were conducted to optimize the level of NaOH concentration and time and temperature schedule of demineralization and deproteinization/deacetylation. A high temperature-short time schedule obtained best quality chitin and chitosan. Both subjective and objective methods were used for the testing of quality and purity of chitin and chitosan. Comparative studies between the quality of products from different components of the shell and from different shrimp/prawn species showed that both chitin and chitosan obtained from M. rosenbergii shell were better compared to those of P. monodon in terms of extractability, deacetylation, and color. Shells obtained better product compared to shrimp appendages. The study suggests that chitin and chitosan can be produced in existing shrimp/prawn processing plants of the country with the simple renovation.
Chitin from the Mollusc Chiton: Extraction, Characterization and Chitosan Preparation
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research : IJPR, 2017
This study presents the first ever data of extracting chitin from the Chiton shell, which was then converted to the soluble chitosan by soaking in the 45% NaOH solution. The obtained chitin and chitosan were characterized by the seven different methods. Antioxidant activity of the extracted chitosan was also evaluated using the two methods. The shell content was divided into calcium carbonate (90.5 %), protein (5.2%), and chitin (4.3 %). Due to the results of element analysis and 1H NMR, the final degree of deacetylation of chitosan was 90%. Surprisingly, a significant amount of Fe was accidentally found in the shell after demineralization, and removed from the solution through the filtering. Nonetheless, remained Fe in the extracted chitin and chitosan was 20 times higher than those previously reported from the shell of shrimps and crabs. Presence of this amount of Fe could describe why the produced chitosan was darker compared to the commercial chitosan. Antioxidant activity tests...