Pen Tests of Methyl Anthranilate as a Bird Repellent in Water (original) (raw)
Related papers
Methyl anthranilate formulations repel gulls and mallards from water
Crop Protection, 1995
Two formulations of methyl anthranilate (MA), one (ReJex-iTTM TP-40 [TP-401) containing a surfactant, the other (ReJex-iTTM AP-50 [AP-501) a miscible, free-flowing powder, effectively repelled captive mallards (Anus plutyrhynchos) from pools of water in pen tests, and/or free-ranging gulls (Larus deluwurensis and L. urgentutus) from pools of water in field trials for 4-11 days. With one exception, pool entries and bill contacts with water were reduced (p G 0.02) in pools treated with both formulations compared with untreated pools. Overall gull activity was reduced (p 6 0.01) when all available water was treated with AP-50. Effectiveness of TP-40 (v/v) was similar to the previously reported effectiveness of powdered formulations where MA concentrations were 1.6-3.0 times (g/g) greater, a consequence of the surfactant concentrating MA at the surface. These tests indicate that MA-based formulations might have utility at airports and perhaps other locations where it is desirable to reduce bird activity in temporary pools of water.
Journal of The World Aquaculture Society - J WORLD AQUACULT SOC, 1998
Abstract— We evaluated the methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent, ReJeX-iT TP-40™ (TP-40), for 1) its toxicity to channel catfish fingerlings (catfish), Ictalurus punctatus; 2) its effect on great blue heron (heron), Ardea herodias feeding behavior; 3) its efficacy in reducing heron predation on catfish; and 4) its effects on catfish growth. TP-40 effectively maintained MA concentrations near the water's surface and below toxic levels for catfish in the water column. Water samples collected from 0.03 and 0.35 m below the surface of catfish rearing tanks (6,664 L) treated at application rates up to the equivalent of 200 kg/ha contained less than 5 ppm active ingredient, which is less than the no observable effect limit for catfish fry. No treatment-related mortality of catfish was observed. Handling times of catfish fingerlings captured by herons from tubs treated with TP-40 initially increased at application rates of 19.6 kgha or greater but decreased as a function of the number of catfish captured. Under simulated aquaculture conditions, TP-40 did not affect the number of catfish eaten by herons from ponds treated at surface application rates of 0, 2, 22, and 220 kglha. TP-40 had no affect on the time herons spent handling live or dead catfish. Ponds treated with TP-40 at 220 kgha had a 46% increase in visibility (secchi disk method) and a 58% reduction in total suspended solids, suggesting the formulation was phytotoxic. TP-40 did not affect fish growth. Analysis of individual behavior showed that herons may have habituated or become indifferent to the effects of the repellent after repeated exposure. Under the conditions of the study, herons did not maintain their body weight unless catfish were made available by disease or supplemental feeding, suggesting that herons may be inefficient at capturing healthy catfish. Surface applications of TP-40 at 20 to 220 kg/ha were not effective in limiting predation by herons.
Evaluation of a pelleted bait containing methyl anthranilate as a bird repellent
Pesticide Science, 1993
No-till agriculture involves the use of granular pesticide formulations, chemically treated seeds, and pelleted baits. Some of these may accidentally kill birds. We have tested whether methyl anthranilate (MA), a known bird repellent, would eliminate consumption of a pelleted bait. In two laboratory experiments and an outdoor aviary trial, cowbirds (Molothrus ater Bodd.) were presented with pellets containing pesticide and MA, pellets containing pesticide but no MA, and carrier pellets without pesticide or MA. Consumption of any formulation was low, but the addition of MA significantly decreased bait loss in the laboratory, and prevented the disappearance of bait in the outdoor trial.
Grazing repellency of methyl anthranilate to snow geese is enhanced by a visual cue
Crop Protection, 1996
Methyl anthranilate (Rejex-It AG-36) is formulated as a commercial goose repellent. Frequent reapplications of this product are often necessary, and the cost/application is high (2 $3OO.OO/ha). The present experiment tested the possibility that the repellency of methyl anthranilate might be enhanced by the addition of visual cues. Twelve 0.4 ha plots were assigned randomly to three treatment groups. Plots in the first group (n = 4) were sprayed with 10% Vapor Guard (an agrochemical adhesive). Plots in the second group (n = 4) were treated with a mixture of methyl anthranilate (3.4 kg/ha) and Vapor Guard. Plots in the third group (n = 4) were sprayed with a mixture of methyl anthranilate, white paint pigment (titanium oxide, Ti03, 0.9 kg/l) and Vapor Guard. From 28 November 1994 to I9 December 1995, all plots were visited at 7 day intervals to collect snow goose (Chen caerulescens) droppings along transects. Examination of feces weights/transect meter at 7 days post-treatment showed that both methyl anthranilate formulations reduced goose activity. At 14 and 21 days post-treatment, however, dropping weights were significantly lower in plots treated with methyl anthranilate and Ti03 than in plots treated with formulated methyl anthranilate alone. These results show that visual cues can enhance the durability of methyl anthranilate repellency.
Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference
Despite a general perception that there is an abundance of nonlethal control technologies, the fact remains that there are fewer registered products and active ingredients for repellents in the U.S. than there were 10 and 20 years ago. This review discusses the technical issues relating to the discovery, formulation, and delivery of chemical repellents, and suggests future avenues of research that would improve our ability to develop effective chemical repellents.
Bird repellents: interaction of chemical agents in mixtures
Physiology & Behavior, 1998
studies characterize the concentration-behavioral response for odorants, tastants, and irritants. However, to achieve ecological validity, interaction of agents in mixtures must be considered. Equiresponse and equimolar molar models of interactions have been proposed, and methods for testing whether agents in mixture interact independently have been evaluated. Yet these averaging models cannot a priori predict whether agents will interact antagonistically, independently, or synergistically. I studied the bird repellent properties of several structurally similar and well-described trigeminally mediated avian irritants, singly and in mixture. Compounds within a chemical class, in which the electron withdrawing groups were similar, interacted independently to produce their repellent effects, e.g., 2-amino methyl benzoate v methyl-2-methoxy benzoate, and o-aminoacetophenone v 2-methoxy acetophenone. The response to mixtures drawn from compounds of dissimilar chemical class, e.g., 2-amino methyl benzoate v o-aminoacetophenone, interacted antagonistically at concentrations below 10 mM, suggesting meditation by a different mechanism within the trigeminally mediated sensory modality. At 10 mM and near saturation of the solutions, there was no evidence of interaction between agents, suggesting responses became saturated. These observations underscore our previous findings for the importance of the molecular properties of the carbonyl group for aromatic bird repellents and suggests the possible existence of multiple receptor mechanisms for avian trigeminal repellents. These data also underscore the importance of attending to interactions of agents in mixtures when designing repellents as tools for the management of wildlife and resolution of conflicts between humans and wildlife.
Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia, 2018
Various bird pests caused severe economic losses to valuable crops and fruit orchards all over the world. Among the birds, house sparrow is also considered to cause heavy plunder, not only to seeds of crops but also seedlings especially in organic farming. In present study two bird repellents, methylanthranilate and anthraquinone tested against house sparrows on maize seeds and seedlings in aviary conditions. Trial group in aviary-I, the treated maize seeds and seedlings with different doses of both bird repellents, control group in aviary-II, untreated seeds and seedlings were provided for three hours in the early morning. In each aviary, two closed circuit cameras were also installed to monitor the behavioral responses against different concentrations of both chemical repellents. Statistical analysis showed that there existed highly significant (P<0.01) variations among the trial and control groups for seeds and seedlings. By comparing both repellents, significant (P<0.05) d...
Bird Aversive Properties of Methyl Anthranilate, Yucca, Xanthoxylum, and Their Mixtures
2000
We tested the bird aversive properties of methyl anthranilate, yucca extracts, and Xanthoxylum spp. extracts in one-and two-bottle drinking assays that used European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). In one-and two-bottle tests, methyl anthranilate proved to be the more potent stimulus in producing an avoidance response. Starlings avoided consuming Xanthoxylum and yucca only in the two-bottle tests. Previous studies showed that yucca was a good adjuvant in stabilizing lipophilic compounds in water. Starlings did not avoid binary mixtures of methyl anthranilate and yucca differently from what would be expected if they were only responding to the solution's methyl anthranilate content. However, yucca enhanced the aversive qualities of Xanthoxylum. The ability to identify mode of action for repellency and synergistic combinations of chemicals derived from natural products for use in repellent mixtures is an important aspect of the development of cost-effective, environmentally safe repellents for use in conflict resolution between humans and wildlife.