Grazing repellency of methyl anthranilate to snow geese is enhanced by a visual cue (original) (raw)
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Evaluation of methyl anthranilate and activated charcoal as snow goose grazing deterrents
Crop Protection, 1995
Bccausc greater snow geese (Chen caerulescens) damage grain crops and turf grass throughout the eastern United States, repellents are being sought. In the present experiment, 12 0.4-ha study plots were treated with methyl anthranilate (Rejex-It AC-36@, 3.4 kg a.i.), an aqueous slurry of activated charcoal (Anjan-activaid @, 3.4 kg a.i.), or left unsprayed, as a control. Both methyl anthranilate and activated charcoal significantly reduced feces within plots for 16 days post-treatment compared to unsprayed plots. Methyl anthranilate and activated charcoal appear to be promising candidate repellents to deter grazing by snow geese.
Evaluation of a pelleted bait containing methyl anthranilate as a bird repellent
Pesticide Science, 1993
No-till agriculture involves the use of granular pesticide formulations, chemically treated seeds, and pelleted baits. Some of these may accidentally kill birds. We have tested whether methyl anthranilate (MA), a known bird repellent, would eliminate consumption of a pelleted bait. In two laboratory experiments and an outdoor aviary trial, cowbirds (Molothrus ater Bodd.) were presented with pellets containing pesticide and MA, pellets containing pesticide but no MA, and carrier pellets without pesticide or MA. Consumption of any formulation was low, but the addition of MA significantly decreased bait loss in the laboratory, and prevented the disappearance of bait in the outdoor trial.
Pen Tests of Methyl Anthranilate as a Bird Repellent in Water
1991
Two commercial (ReJeX-iTR brand) formulations of methyl anthranilate (MA), at concentrations of 0.10 -0.5096 (0 -0.32% active ingredient [a.i.]), were highly effective in repelling mallards (Anal plaryrhynchos), and ring-billed gulls detawarensis) from pools of water in pen tests. For mallards, pool entries and bill contacts with water in MA-treated pools 1.4 and 4.0% of the levels in untreated pools during a 2-choice test, and 4.2 and 8.8% of the levels in untreated pools during 1-choice test. For gulls, the repellency levels were even higher, with activity levels in treated pools being < 1% of levels untreated pools during I-and 2-choice tests. We recommend further pen tests to determine minimum effective concentrate levels and a field test to determine responses of free-ranging birds.
Evaluation of plastic and Mylar flagging as repellents for snow geese (Chen caerulescens)
Crop Protection, 1994
The effectiveness of white flags, black flags and Mylar streamers as visual repellents to snow geese (Chen caerulescens) was evaluated. Five farms in Cumberland and Salem counties, New Jersey served as test sites. At each farm, four 10.12 ha fields were selected randomly, and then assigned to four treatment conditions: (a) white plastic flags (one flag per 0.4 ha); (b) black plastic flags (one flag per 0.4 ha), (c) Mylar streamers (one streamer per 0.4 ha); and (d) stakes only (one stake per 0.4 ha). From 2 December 1992 to 24 March 1993, vegetation samples and goose droppings were collected in all fields. Dropping weights were significantly less in black-or white-flagged fields than they were in fields with Mylar streamers or bare stakes. Although vegetation weights tended to increase in white-or black-flagged fields (and to decrease in fields with Mylar streamers or bare stakes), there were no significant differences. The results show that white or black flags can economically and effectively deter snow geese from agricultural fields, at least when alternative grazing sites are available.
Methyl anthranilate formulations repel gulls and mallards from water
Crop Protection, 1995
Two formulations of methyl anthranilate (MA), one (ReJex-iTTM TP-40 [TP-401) containing a surfactant, the other (ReJex-iTTM AP-50 [AP-501) a miscible, free-flowing powder, effectively repelled captive mallards (Anus plutyrhynchos) from pools of water in pen tests, and/or free-ranging gulls (Larus deluwurensis and L. urgentutus) from pools of water in field trials for 4-11 days. With one exception, pool entries and bill contacts with water were reduced (p G 0.02) in pools treated with both formulations compared with untreated pools. Overall gull activity was reduced (p 6 0.01) when all available water was treated with AP-50. Effectiveness of TP-40 (v/v) was similar to the previously reported effectiveness of powdered formulations where MA concentrations were 1.6-3.0 times (g/g) greater, a consequence of the surfactant concentrating MA at the surface. These tests indicate that MA-based formulations might have utility at airports and perhaps other locations where it is desirable to reduce bird activity in temporary pools of water.
The use of aerosol repellents as an avian deterrent strategy
Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference
Traditional protective measures to keep wildlife away from areas include exclusion by use of netting, hazing, and chemical repellents. The primary problem with most hazing systems is that wildlife quickly habituate to the devices if their use falls into a predictable pattern. Repellent substances cause wildlife species to avoid otherwise attractive or palatable resources by creating a disincentive to visit a specific area or consume a particular resource. Chemical repellents, both lethal and non-lethal, are typically used for agricultural and horticultural pwposes, but in addition may provide a strategy to deter wildlife in other contexts. Aerosol delivery of chemical repellents might work to effectively target birds in the air prior to landing in a hazardous area (i.e., a toxic waste water impoundment). In theory, aerosol delivery of a known avian irritant could be used as an ancillary tool in bird hazing systems, to complement more traditional auditory and visual scare tactics.
Journal of The World Aquaculture Society - J WORLD AQUACULT SOC, 1998
Abstract— We evaluated the methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent, ReJeX-iT TP-40™ (TP-40), for 1) its toxicity to channel catfish fingerlings (catfish), Ictalurus punctatus; 2) its effect on great blue heron (heron), Ardea herodias feeding behavior; 3) its efficacy in reducing heron predation on catfish; and 4) its effects on catfish growth. TP-40 effectively maintained MA concentrations near the water's surface and below toxic levels for catfish in the water column. Water samples collected from 0.03 and 0.35 m below the surface of catfish rearing tanks (6,664 L) treated at application rates up to the equivalent of 200 kg/ha contained less than 5 ppm active ingredient, which is less than the no observable effect limit for catfish fry. No treatment-related mortality of catfish was observed. Handling times of catfish fingerlings captured by herons from tubs treated with TP-40 initially increased at application rates of 19.6 kgha or greater but decreased as a function of the number of catfish captured. Under simulated aquaculture conditions, TP-40 did not affect the number of catfish eaten by herons from ponds treated at surface application rates of 0, 2, 22, and 220 kglha. TP-40 had no affect on the time herons spent handling live or dead catfish. Ponds treated with TP-40 at 220 kgha had a 46% increase in visibility (secchi disk method) and a 58% reduction in total suspended solids, suggesting the formulation was phytotoxic. TP-40 did not affect fish growth. Analysis of individual behavior showed that herons may have habituated or become indifferent to the effects of the repellent after repeated exposure. Under the conditions of the study, herons did not maintain their body weight unless catfish were made available by disease or supplemental feeding, suggesting that herons may be inefficient at capturing healthy catfish. Surface applications of TP-40 at 20 to 220 kg/ha were not effective in limiting predation by herons.
White plastic flags repel snow geese (Chen caerulescens
Crop Protection, 1993
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus spp.) overpopulate many areas of the United States. Browse damage to agricultural crops, forest regeneration and landscaping can be severe. Human and animal health also are threatened by Lyme disease, which is spread by the deer tick (Ixodes dammini). Although sterilants to reduce and/or slow the growth of deer populations and vaccines against Lyme disease may soon become available, efficient and economical techniques to inoculate large numbers of deer have not been developed. Oral baits represent one promising possibility. In experiment 1, salt blocks and several olfactory lures were evaluated as potential lures for use in deer baits. Plain salt blocks were attractive and odour stimuli such as acorn, apple and peanut butter significantly enhanced effectiveness. Apple was the best stimulus in an old field; peanut butter and acorn were the best stimuli in a bottomland habitat. In experiment 2, blocks of minerals, salt, molasses, and mineral-molasses were presented; all were scented with apple extract. Mineral blocks were the most attractive, followed by salt blocks and mineralmolasses blocks; molasses blocks were the least attractive. In experiment 3, mixtures of apple, acorn and peanut butter extracts were presented with mineral blocks. None of the combinations was more attractive than the others and none was more attractive than mineral blocks presented with apple extract only.