EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF Mucana flagellipes (original) (raw)
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Antioxidative constitution of Mukia maderaspatana (Linn.) M. Roem. leaves
Indian Journal of Natural …, 2011
Indigenous leafy vegetables of the traditional rural communities are potentially nutritious and contain a vast array of beneficial phytochemicals that offer protection against several chronic and age-related human ailments. The present study was planned to assess the antioxidative constitution of the fresh leaves of Mukia maderaspatana (Linn.) M. Roem. (Family: Cucurbitaceae). The total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid and vitamin E contents were determined using specific spectrophotometric methods and the amount of ascorbic acid by titrimetry. The medicinal leafy vegetable was found to be a good dietary source of the low molecular weight antioxidants analysed. The leaf extract exhibited potent in vitro antioxidant/radical scavenging (ABTS •+ and FRAP assays) and metal (Ferrous ion) chelating activities and also inhibited βcarotene bleaching. Saponarin has been isolated and determined as the major phenolic antioxidant by HPLC. The amount of phenolics (292.392 ±1.087 mg GAE), flavonoid (247.079 ± 0.705 QE), carotenoids (0.812 ± 0.075 mg), vitamins C (17.046 ± 0.839 mg) and E (0.194 ± 0.068 mg) and saponarin (220.800 ± 0.944 mg) present and the antioxidant capacities (301.926 ± 0.869 mg vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity) are reported for 100 g of fresh leaves. The protective/therapeutic significance of these antioxidant components is also highlighted.
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected Egyptian Plants
Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 2008
Free radicals react with biological molecules and destroy the structure of cells, which eventually causes free radical induced diseases such as cancer, liver disease, aging, etc. In this study, the total phenolic contents, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH •) and OH • radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation of 13 selected Egyptian plants were determined. Total phenolic contents of plant ethanolic extracts were measured as gallic acid. The antioxidant activities of plant ethanolic extracts at different levels (25, 50 and 100 μg/ ml) were evaluated using three complementary in vitro assays: inhibition of DPPH • radical, hydroxyl radical and lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate mediated by FeSO4/ ascorbate model system. The results showed that all plant ethanolic extracts increased antioxidant activities with increasing ethanolic extracts concentration. The ethanolic extracts of guava leaves, cinnamon bark and pomegranate peel significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation-induced by FeSO4/ ascorbate model system, also have inhibitory effect on deoxyribose degradation. In addition, guava leaves had the highest free radical scavenging activity. These findings suggest that ethanolic extracts of guava leaves, cinnamon bark and pomegranate peel are powerful natural antioxidants and may be useful as antioxidants interest in the protection of biological system against various oxidative stresses. The chemical constitution of ethanolic extracts was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the guava leaves and pomegranate peel. The ethanolic extracts were found to contain 19 and 23 components for guava leaves and pomegranate peel, respectively. The major peaks, identified by GC-MS, were 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (28.72%), 5-Methyl-2-phenylindole (20.80%) and n-Octanoic acid (19.00%) for the guava leaves and 5-Hyroxymethyl-2formylfuran (68.35%), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde (6.94%) and 3,4-Dehydroproline (3.78%) for the pomegranate peel.
Antioxidant, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Selected Nigerian Medicinal Plants
Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015
Plant phenolics and flavonoids play a great role in scavenging free radicals in the body and act as antioxidants. Thus their determination is sometimes nedded. Total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts of 10 medicinal plants (Lochnera rosea, Allamanda cathartica, Asplenium platyneuron, Euphorbia prostrate, Baphia nitida, Crotolaria retusa, Zapoteca portoricensis, Platycerium bifurcatum, Mussaenda afzelii and Craterosiphon scandens) from 7 botanical families growing in the tropical rainforest of Nigeria were included in this study. The total antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assessed by using the phosphomolybdate method. The phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau assay, while the total flavonoid was determined by the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. The results obtained showed that the total antioxidant capacity for all the extracts were in the range of 0.888 ± 0.75 to 0.938 ± 0.00 mg EAA/g. The results showed that E. prostrate, P. bifurcatum and A. platyneuron were found to be the richest source of phenolic (97.77 ± 0.77, 87.62 ± 1.22 and 82.33 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g) while B. nitida and M. afzelii had the least total phenolic content (11.67 ± 0.09 and11.18 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g). The highest total flavonoid content was revealed in P. bifurcatum (648.67 ± 12.3 mg QE) while M. afzelii also had the least total flavonoid content (3.67 ± 0.00 mg QE/g). The ratio of flavonoid to the phenolic in each extract was also determined to ascertain extracts that are rich in flavonoids.
Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2018
Humans are constantly faced with changing environmental conditions which often lead to the production of various free radicals which must be dealt with in order to ensure their survival. 1 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxyl radicals, are natural byproducts of the normal metabolism of oxygen in living cells and they play important roles in cell signaling. These ROS also play an integral function in the pathogenesis of many acute and chronic human diseases including atherosclerosis, ageing, cancer, diabetes, immunosuppression and stroke. 2 The human body is equipped with an inherent antioxidative mechanism with which the deleterious effects of the ROS are waded off. These antioxidants such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase help deactivate the damaging effects of free radicals, thereby rendering them incapable of attacking their targets in biological cells. 3, 4 The lack of balance between ROS and the inherent antioxidant potential of the body has necessitated the use of dietary and/or herbal supplements especially during the occurrence
This study investigated and compared the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant property of Phyllanthus amarus, Vernonia amygdalina, Carica papaya and Jatropha curcus which are commonly used in traditional medicine. This was achieved by evaluating the quantitative and qualitative presence of the phytochemicals and also determining the free radical scavenging potentials of the plant leaf extracts. The results of this study revealed that the leaf extracts of the test plants contain some proportions of important phytochemicals which includes alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, cardiac glycoside. In furtherance, it showed that the selected plants vary significantly in their percentage ferric reducing antioxidant potentials (FRAP) expressed in gallic acid equivalents(GAE) ranging from 63.624 ± 0.14 to 165.076 ± 0.24 mg/100g and all the sample extracts exhibited moderate to significant inhibition of 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) activity expressed in trolox equivalent (TAEC) ranging from 1.306±0.20 to 38.943± 0.11/100g. Considering all the parameters assayed, antioxidants capacities were significant in the sequence of P.amarus, V. amygdalina , J. curcas and C. Papaya. This current study shows that the test plants contain useful phytochemicals which makes them employable in traditional medical practices. However more work needs to be done to determine which of these phyto-constituents exert the greatest potency in therapeutic and antioxidant activities.
In Vitro Screening of Antioxidant Properties of Ten Cameroonian Medicinal Plants
JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2013
Background: Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of several degenerative diseases. This work studied the invitro anti-oxidative properties of methanolic extracts of 10 Cameroonian medicinal plants including Autranella congolensis(AC); Beilschmiedia anacardioides(BA); Crossopteryx febrifiga (CF); Cussonia arborea (Cu A); Cyphostema adenaucaule(Cy A); Dissotis longipetala (DL); Lonchocarpus sepium(LS); Nauclea pobeguinii (NP); Pycnanthus angolensis (PA);Picralima nitida (PN) used in folk medicine against various ailments associated with oxidative damages pattern. Method:The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to identify major classes of secondary metabolites. Their totalcontents in phenols, flavonoids were determined; whereas the anti-oxidative and reducing power were evaluated. Theseextracts were tested for their scavenging activity using DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals andhydrogen peroxide. The inhibitory effects of extracts aga...
2015
The plant leaves of Nauclea diderrichii (Merr) (ND), Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel) Benth (CF), Lannea kerstingii Engl. and K. Krause (LK), Uapaca guineensis (UG) and Terminalia macroptera (TM) which were obtained from the savannah region in Nigeria were evaluated for antioxidant property and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The plants leaves were extracted with non polar and polar solvents. The extracts obtained were analyzed for the presence or absence of certain phytochemicals. DPPH radical was used as an in-vitro model for evaluating the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine both total phenolic and flavonoid contents. TLC analysis was carried out to identify and quantify individual flavonoids using specific standard flavonoids as control. Phytochemical screening of the plants leaves gave the following: ND and LK gave positive test for tannins, flavonoids and saponins while steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone glycosides were negative for the methanolic extracts; all phytochemicals screened were absent in the n-hexane extracts. CF showed presence of flavonoids, saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides while tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and anthraquinone glycosides were absent in the methanol extract; all phytochemicals screened were absent in the n-hexane extract. The n-hexane extract of UG exhibited presence of steroids, alkaloids and terpenoids while flavonoids, saponins, cardiac and anthraquinone glycosides were observed to be absent. Its methanolic extract showed presence of steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides while saponins, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinone glycosides were absent. Only steroids were observed to be present in the n-hexane extract of TM. Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides were present in the methanolic extract while alkaloids and anthraquinone glycosides were absent. The plants leaves extracts gave the following total phenolic (mg GAE/mg extract) and flavonoid (mg quercetin equivalent/mg extract) contents and antioxidant activity respectively:
Oxidants and Antioxidants in Medical Science, 2014
Objective: Reactive oxygen has been implicated in degenerative diseases and medicinal activity of most herbs has been attributed to their ability to scavenge free radicals. Methods: Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from the leaves of varieties of medicinal plants, namely Azadiratcha indica, Mangifera indica, Moringa oleifera, Psidium guajava, Terminalia catappa, Anacardiaceae occidentale, Cassia siamae, Chromolaena odorata, Telfaira occidentalis and Paraquetina nigresiens were evaluated. Reducing power, DPPH scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating activities, phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C contents were determined. Results: C.siamae had excellent DPPH scavenging activity while P.guajava presented the lowest value. T.catappa had peak hydroxyl radical scavenging activity whereas T.occidentalis had the least capacity. C.siamae had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents while P.guajava and P.nigresiens showed the lowest phenol and flavonoid values. C.siamae also exhibited the highest reducing power activity whereas P.nigresiens had the least value. P.nigresiens had excellent ferrous iron chelating capacity while C.odorata had only poor activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highly correlated with the DPPH scavenging and reducing power activities, respectively. M.oleifera had the highest vitamin C content while P.guajava was the least.. Conclusion: Different values were obtained for each parameter for the medicinal leaves and free radical scavenging activity could be attributed to total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Among the plants tested, Cassia siamae leaf extract consistently exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and seems to be a promising source of natural antioxidants.
Determining the Antioxidant Property of Plant Extracts: A Laboratory Exercise
The Asian Journal of …, 2011
Vegetables and fruits are good sources of free radical scavengers or antioxidants. To evaluate the free radical scavenging activity of a plant extract, a few simple steps using the 1,1-diphenyl-2picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay can be followed. Any plant part can be processed to produce crude extracts which can be used for testing. Using this technique, a small class of tertiary students determined the antioxidant property of ethanolic crude leaf extracts of some endemic and indigenous plants. The plants used were Ardisia pyramidalis Roth (Myrsinaceae), Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Mull.Arg. (Phyllanthaceae), Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. (Meliaceae), Ficus septica Burm. (Moraceae), Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke (Apocynaceae), Parartocarpus venenosus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Becc. (Moraceae), Streptocaulon baumii Decne. (Asclepiadaceae), Uncaria perrottetii (A. Rich) Merr. (Rubiaceae), and Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. (Apocynaceae). Crude leaf extracts of U. perrottetti and B. tetrandra were observed to possess a high free radical scavenging activity with values beyond 90% of that of gallic acid. These were fractionated further, and subsequent assays showed that ethyl acetate fractions for both plants had high free radical scavenging activity indicating that they contain potential chemopreventive agents against many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders and aging. Free radical scavenging activities demonstrated by leaf extracts of A. pyramidalis and C. pentandrus did not reach 70% of that of gallic acid. All the rest of the plant extracts showed very low or no free radical scavenging activity.
Industrial Crops and Products, 2010
15 Traditional ethnomedical use of plants is recognized as an important potential source of 16 compounds used in mainstream medicine. Herein, the in vitro antioxidant properties, 17 nutrients and phytochemical composition of six medicinal plants widely used in the 18 north-eastern Portuguese region were evaluated. The antioxidant activity was screened 19 through: radical scavenging effects, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation 20 in brain homogenates. Nutrients and phytochemical characterization included 21 determination of sugars by HPLC-RI, fatty acids by GC-FID, tocopherols by HPLC-22 fluorescence, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, by 23 spectrophotometric techniques. Rubus ulmifolius flowers revealed the highest 24 antioxidant activity, and the highest contents in phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and 25 lycopene. Castanea sativa flowers revealed the highest concentration of individual and 26 total tocopherols, and total sugars, including the reducing sugars glucose and fructose. 27 Helichrysum stoechas aerial parts gave the highest levels of β-carotene, Matricaria 28 recutita aerial parts revealed the highest PUFA levels, including linoleic acid. The 29 studied medicinal plants have interesting antioxidant properties and a phytochemical 30 composition that could provide scientific evidence for some folk uses in the treatment of 31 diseases related to the production of ROS and oxidative stress, but further experiments 32 are required to explore the mechanisms of action. 33 34 ethnobotany 36 42 behavioural and environmental factors: oxidative stress. There are intrinsic factors for 43 the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species): dysfunction of mitochondria, thymic 44 involution favouring chronic inflammation and infections (Montagnier, 2009). 45 Natural products represent a rich source of biologically active compounds and are an 46 example of molecular diversity, with recognized potential in drug discovery and 47 development (Mishra et al., 2008). Particularly, the plant kingdom offers a wide range 48 of natural antioxidants. However, little is known about the practical usefulness of most 49 of them. Many herbal and plant infusions frequently used in folk medicine have 50 antioxidative and pharmacological properties connected with the presence of phenolic 51 compounds, especially flavonoids (Dawidowicz et al., 2006). The biological, 52 pharmacological and medicinal properties of this group of compounds have been 53 extensively reviewed (Marchand, 2002). 54 In rural areas, such as the north-eastern region of Portugal, folk medicine and traditional 55 healing practices often coexists with formalized and institutionalized medicine systems. 56 Since a long time ago, several species from the local flora have become very popular 57 and are widely consumed due to their pharmacological properties and therapeutic 58 effects. These species are mainly recommended for disorders of the respiratory system, 59 digestive system, inflammation, cholesterol and hypertension (Neves et al., 2009; 60 Carvalho, 2010). 61 4 Ethnobotanical surveys conducted in this Portuguese region highlighted (Frazão-62 Moreira et al., 2007; Carvalho, 2010; Carvalho and Morales, 2010) some widespread 63 examples of traditional plant use such as the decoction of upright catkins of the 64 Fagaceae Castanea sativa Miller for cold and caught, diarrhea and cholesterol; infusions 65 and decoctions of the flowering aerial parts of the Asteraceae Centaurea paniculata L. 66 for inflammation, Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench for the respiratory system and to 67 reduce fever, Matricaria recutita L. for cold, bronchitis, inflammation and as digestive; 68 decoctions of the inflorescences of the Fabaceae Trifolium angustifolium L. and of 69 flower buds and flowers of the Rosaceae Rubus ulmifollius Schott for stomachache and 70 diarrhea. 71 Although antioxidant properties of some of these plants, such as Helichrysum stoechas 72 (Carini et al., 2001; Albayrak et al., 2010), Matricaria recutita (Miliauskas et al., 2004; 73 Schempp et al., 2006) and Rubus ulmifolius (Dall'Acqua et al., 2008; Martini et al., 74 2009) have been investigated in different countries, there are no reports on material 75 collected in Portugal. Castanea sativa flowers antioxidant properties were reported by 76 our research group (Barreira et al., 2008), but without a complete characterization of the 77 chemical constituents. 78 This work aims to study the antioxidant potential of six medicinal plants traditionally 79 used in the northeastern region of Portugal (Castanea sativa flowers, Centaurea 80 paniculata, Helichrysum stoechas Matricaria recutita and Trifolium angustifolium 81 flowering aerial parts, and Rubus ulmifolius flower buds and flowers), characterize their 82 nutrients and phytochemical composition, and find correlations with their folk 83 medicinal uses. 84 85 5 2. Materials and methods 86 2.1. Samples 87 All the samples were collected in 2009, in the Natural Park of Montesinho territory, 88 Trás-os-Montes, North-eastern Portugal, considering the Portuguese folk 89 pharmacopoeia, the local medicinal criteria of use and the plants growth patterns. From 90 Castanea sativa, the upright catkins during anthesis in late summer; from Centaurea 91 paniculata, Helichrysum stoechas Matricaria recutita and Trifolium angustifolium, the 92 inflorescences and leafy flowering stems of about 15 cm long, in late spring and early 93 summer; the flower buds and fully opened flowers (each part constituting one different 94 sample according to folk uses) of Rubus ulmifollius in spring. 95 Morphological key characters from the Flora Iberica (Castroviejo 1991, 2001 and 2007) 96 and the "Nova Flora de Portugal" (Franco 1994) were used for plant identification. 97 Voucher specimens are deposited in the "Herbarium of Escola Superior Agrária de 98 Bragança" (BRESA). Each sample was lyophilized (Ly-8-FM-ULE, Snijders, Holland) 99 and kept in the best conditions for subsequent use. 100 101 2.2. Standards and Reagents 102 Acetonitrile 99.9%, n-hexane 95%, and ethyl acetate 99.8% were of HPLC grade (Lab-103 Scan, Lisbon, Portugal). The fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) reference standard 104 mixture 37 (standard 47885-U) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO), as also 105 other individual fatty acid isomers, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and sugars standards, 106 Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), gallic acid, and (+)-107 catechin. Racemic tocol, 50 mg/mL, was purchased from Matreya (Chalfont, PA). 2,2-108 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). All 109 6 other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade and purchased from common 110 sources. Water was treated in a Milli-Q water purification system (Pure Water Systems, 111 Brea, CA). 112 113 2.3. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties 114 2.3.1. Preparation of the methanolic extracts 115 A fine dried powder (20 mesh; ~1 g) was extracted by stirring with 30 mL of methanol 116 at 25 ºC at 150 rpm for 1 h and filtered through Whatman No. 4 paper. The residue was 117 then extracted with one additional 30 mL portion of methanol. The combined 118 methanolic extracts were evaporated at 35ºC under reduced pressure, re-dissolved in 119 methanol at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, and stored at 4 ºC for further use. 120 In vitro assays which have already been described by the authors (Guimarães et al., 121 2010) were applied to evaluate the antioxidant activity of all the samples. Different 122 concentrations of the extracts (4.00 to 0.03 mg/mL) were used to find EC 50 values. 123 124 2.3.2. DPPH radical-scavenging activity 125 This methodology was performed using an ELX800 Microplate Reader (BioTek 126 Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT). The reaction mixture in each of the 96-wells 127 consisted of one of the different concentrations of the extracts (30 μL) and aqueous 128 methanolic solution (80:20, v/v, 270 μL) containing DPPH radicals (6 × 10 -5 mol/L). 129 The mixture was left to stand for 60 min in the dark. The reduction of the DPPH radical 130 was determined by measuring the absorption at 515 nm. The radical scavenging activity 131 (RSA) was calculated as a percentage of DPPH discolouration using the equation: % 132