Obesity and its treatment (original) (raw)

Obesity – A global Burden, Crucial Problem for the Society

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine, 2018

Objectives: To aware doctors, patients, food producers and consumers. Data source: Online search via Google, 70 articles were down loaded, 52 valid papers were selected. Only 12 full text articles were eligible for review. Obesity rates have increased sharply over the past 30 years, creating a global public health crisis. The impact of obesity on morbidity, mortality, and health care costs is profound. Obesity and weight related complications exert a huge burden on patient suffering and social costs. In recent years, exciting advances have occurred in all 3 modalities used to treat obesity: lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, and weight-loss procedures including bariatric surgery. Obese individuals lose approximately 6 to 8 kg (approximately 6% to 8% of initial weight) with 6 months of participation in a high-intensity lifestyle intervention ($ 14 treatment visits) consisting of diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy. Such losses reduce progression to type 2 diabetes in at-risk people and decrease blood pressure and triglyceride levels. All diets, regardless of macronutrient composition, can produce clinically meaningful weight loss (.5%) if they induce a deficit of 500 kcal/d. Physical activity of 150 to 180 min/week yields modest short-term weight loss compared with diet but contributes to improvements in obesity-related conditions. Gradual weight regain is common after lifestyle intervention but can be prevented by continued participation in monthly weight loss maintenance sessions, as well as by high levels of physical activity (ie, 200 to 300min/wk). Patients unable to reduce satisfactorily with lifestyle intervention may be candidates for pharmacotherapy, recommended as an adjunct. Five medications have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for chronic weight management, and each has its own risk/benefit profile. The addition of these medications to lifestyle intervention increases mean weight loss by 2.5 to 8.9 kg compared with placebo. Patients with severe obesity who are unable to reduce successfully with lifestyle intervention and pharmacotherapy are eligible for bariatric surgery, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or adjustable gastric banding.

Disease Burden, Mechanism and Management of Obesity – Where Do We Stand?

Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine

The role of increased body mass index in general morbidity and mortality is well documented. This global public health issue continues to represent a major burden and threat to health systems and the population’s wellbeing. Global statistics show that the prevalence of obesity has increased about three times since the mid-1970s, and an upward trend is still observed, not only in developed but also in developing countries. We used several databases, including PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar, to perform a literature search and review on obesity. Keywords such as “obesity”, “overweight”, and “BMI” were used in combination with multiple keywords such as “mechanism”, “factors”, “socio-economic”, “environmental”, “social determinants”, “management”, “treatment”, “non-traditional treatment”, “alternative therapies”, “non-pharmaceutical treatment” etc. and related phrases. According to the literature, the management of obesity is difficult due to the complex nature of this problem in t...

Treatment Modalities of Obesity

Diabetes Care, 2008

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in both developed and developing countries, with rates reaching ∼10–35% among adults in the Euro-American region. Obesity is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and some type of cancers. Obesity significantly affects the quality of life and reduces the average life expectancy. The effective treatment of obesity should address both the medical and the social burden of this disease. Obesity needs to be treated within the health care system as any other complex disease, with empathy and without prejudice. Both health care providers and patients should know that the obesity treatment is a lifelong task. They should also set realistic goals before starting the treatment, whereas keeping in mind that even a modest weight loss of 5–15% significantly reduces obesity-related health risks. Essential treatment of obesity includes low-calorie low-fat diets, increased physical activity, and strategies con...

Recommendations For The Management of Obesity

Medicine Science | International Medical Journal, 2014

Obesity, which results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, is one of the most important health issues of our day, and is associated with many diseases such as type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, increased cancer risk, osteoarthritis, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Achieving long-term weight management in the course of obesity treatment is not possible as long as significant changes in life style are not implemented. In this manuscript, we present a simple and feasible treatment model that we employ in the management of obesity.

Obesity, A Threat to Global Health: A Review

https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR\_Vol.7\_Issue.9\_Sep2020/Abstract\_IJRR0038.html, 2020

Obesity is one of the most serious life threatening health problems of the 21st century which affects nearly 300 million people worldwide that in turn would trigger additional pathologies such as cardiorespiratory dysfunctions, cancer, gastrointestinal disturbances, and type2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity has a multifactorial nature resulting from genetic, physiological, behavioural, and environmental factors that lead to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. However, the key to success in tackling this problem lies in prevention and this in itself mandates a rigorous understanding of the physiology of weight control and the pathogenesis of obesity. Conventional therapies such as lifestyle modification (diet and exercise) recommended as the cornerstone of obesity management. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five long-term obesity drugs for adults who are obese so far: orlistat, lorcaserin, liraglutide, phentermine/ topiramate, and naltrexone/ bupropion over the past two years. When treating an obese patient for any given disease, several physiological changes may impact the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs required. Therefore, pharmacotherapy remains important but is limited by their results in terms of weight loss. Additionally, several medical devices are available for short-term and long-term use. Bariatric and metabolic surgical interventions (gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, and Roux-en Y gastric bypass) are endorsed by many international societies to be an effective treatment for weight loss, which also offers significant improvement in associated comorbidities and reduce mortality for patients with severe obesity.

The prevention and treatment of obesity

Deutsches Ärzteblatt international, 2014

The high prevalence of obesity (24% of the adult population) and its adverse effects on health call for effective prevention and treatment. Pertinent articles were retrieved by a systematic literature search for the period 2005 to 2012. A total of 4495 abstracts were examined. 119 publications were analyzed, and recommendations were issued in a structured consensus procedure by an interdisciplinary committee with the participation of ten medical specialty societies. Obesity (body-mass index [BMI] ge;30 kg/m2) is considered to be a chronic disease. Its prevention is especially important. For obese persons, it is recommended that a diet with an energy deficit of 500 kcal/day and a low energy density should be instituted for the purpose of weight loss and stabilization of a lower weight. The relative proportion of macronutrients is of secondary importance for weight loss. If the BMI exceeds 30 kg/m2, formula products can be used for a limited time. More physical exercise in everyday li...

Obesity: A Real Global Health Concern

Obesity, also known as the new world syndrome, is a fast emerging health problem, multi-factorial in nature and is associated with various significant diseases like hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apneas, osteoarthritis and few cancers. The management of obesity requires a range of strategies for individuals with existing obesity and also for those who are at high risk of developing obesity. This short review highlights the role of lifestyle modification which has now become the initial approach for the management of obesity, overweight and many other associated diseases.