Pre and Post Regional Development Scenario in India (original) (raw)
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REGIONAL DIVERSITY IN INDIA: A DECADE BEFORE AND AFTER THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY OF 1991
Transstellar Journals, 2022
India is an economy with vast regional disparity in various aspects. The regions differ in terms of growth, income and employment With the New Economic Policy of 1991 launched under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao, the Indian economy opened up to the private & foreign players along with the reduction of import duties and devaluation of Indian currency. This study explores the extent of regional diversity in India, a decade before and decade after 1991. For this, the paper looks into the variation in the per capita net state domestic product at factor cost (at constant prices; 2004-05 base) of 19 major Indian states from 1980-81 to 2013-2014. Also the growth rate of the per capita NSDP for these states is examined. The study also looks into the kind of regional policy measures needed for inclusive growth. The results show an increasing disparity among the states over the time period. Also, the estimates of the growth rates in the per capita NSDP showed divergence among Indian states over the time period, with low income states growing at a lower rate and high income states growing at a higher rate, in terms of per capita NSDP (net state domestic product). The main findings are that, since planning though the focus was on equal regional development, still the regional inequalities prevail. The disparity in income levels can be attributed to the allocation of private investments, unfair extension of infrastructure and public expenditure across states. However, the study finds that the industrial states are growing at a higher pace than the backward states. The policy implications are that, the human development dimension should be taken well into consideration when-sector programmes are formulated and implemented. A regional policy should stress on development of economic activities so as to achieve sustainable income and employment. Also it should focus on policies that make innovations inclusive.
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN INDIA
ABSTRACT Economic disparities are critical in nature and are the issues of great concern in the modern world. Especially in India, the rural sector has been victimized for various sorts of disparities in the fields of wealth, income, education, and development. Studies say that 50% of the total national income goes to the hands of only 20% of the total population and rest 80% of the total population has to depend on the remaining 50% part of total national income. Indians constitute about 17 per cent of world population. But we account for about 35 per cent of the poor and 40 per cent of the illiterates in the world. Economic Planning has been used in the country as an instrument for bringing about uniform regional development. But it’s not enough to us; these are not normal characteristics of a modern nation which is aspiring to be a world economic power. A decent society cannot be built on the ruins of hunger, malnutrition, ill health and illiteracy. If the trend continues, our chances of gaining from globalization on the strength of our human resources are slim. So, some major changes are to be happened. Trough this paper I am tempting to give a critical point of view of the disparities which the rural sectors face today as well as to prescribe enough solutions that will enrich the regional India of tomorrow.
Regional Development and Planning in India
Development, no matter how one defies it brings disparity, though its scale and nature could be varied. A broader historical overview that maps progress in living standards is imperative to understand the development discourse.
Review of Development and Change, 1999
Since early 1990s the country has taken recourse to Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), economic liberalization and globalization measures to solve the problem of low economic growth, surmounting external debt burden and balance of payment crisis. These measures popularly known as NEP (New Economic Policy) put emphasis on the primacy of the market economy and lo that effect the role of the Statein shaping the economy and society is progressively curtailed. However, whether such strategy of development will be helpful in reducing socioeconomic disparities between place and people in a pluralistic and multi-ethnic society laden with particularistic and ascriptive values of the hierarchical caste system is doubtful. Thus, analyzing the trend of inter-Statelevel development disparities in Post-Independent India and the flow of capital investment lo different States during post liberalization years, the present paper apprehends that disparities between place and people will accentuate further, if necessary corrective measures are not taken by the State to eliminate market distortions.
Review of Development and Change
Since early 1990s the country has taken recourse to Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), economic liberalization and globalization measures to solve the problem of low economic growth, surmounting external debt burden and balance of payment crisis. These measures popularly known as NEP (New Economic Policy) put emphasis on the primacy of the market economy and lo that effect the role of the Statein shaping the economy and society is progressively curtailed. However, whether such strategy of development will be helpful in reducing socioeconomic disparities between place and people in a pluralistic and multi-ethnic society laden with particularistic and ascriptive values of the hierarchical caste system is doubtful. Thus, analyzing the trend of inter-Statelevel development disparities in Post-Independent India and the flow of capital investment lo different States during post liberalization years, the present paper apprehends that disparities between place and people will accentuate further, if necessary corrective measures are not taken by the State to eliminate market distortions.
REGIONAL VARIATION AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES: A STUDY OF NORTH EAST INDIA
IJRAR | www.ijrar.org | E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138, 2017
The success of all economic policies and programmes should be evaluated in terms of their ability to generate human capability, since all such policies are based ultimately for the betterment of the quality of lives of people. The goals of sustainable development can be achieved only through inclusive development. In formulating development policies, regional variation should be addressed properly otherwise lop-sided development will be invited that itself set backward dynamics. The present study finds that uneven human development across the states in the region is quite significant. The study also reveals that the socioeconomic components are having positive role in determining the level of human development in NorthEastern states. The study further supports the premise that along with economic growth, human capability expansion is also one of the obvious requirements for sustained human development in the Northeastern region.
The overall perspective of development in India presents a complex scene. Certainly it needs to be viewed from various perspectives and spatial contexts. The increasing trend of deficit economy, continuous foreign trade, increasing foreign debt, devaluation of currency, and associated factors are among the major hindrances to India's development. At the other end, India presently faces crises of parliamentary democracy, political pollution, and a constant loss of morals and ethics. We certainly need moral education and cultural awakening, rooted in an indigenous base and coping together with the pace of modern technology and culture of consumerism.
India’s Post Reform Growth Experience: Regional Perspectives with Special Focus on Assam
Inclusive Development in Noth-East India: Issues and Challenges, 2013
It is well known that India move to a high growth path by the year 1993-94 following the wide ranging economic reform process initiated in1991. After a decade of high growth, it was realized that the growth process primarily benefited only a segment of the Indian population. Hence the 11th plan call for inclusive growth and the 12th plan document now proposing greater inclusive growth. Inclusive growth is supposed to enable segments of population, communities and regions left out from the benefit of high growth to participate in the growth process and start enjoying the fruits of it. The problem of inclusive growth can be viewed from different angles and at different dimensions. For this data are collected from various government websites, such as http://www.indiabudget.nic.in, http://www.planning commission.nic.in and http://www.finmin.nic.in. It is found that the per capita NSDP of different states of India varies from NNP per capita. Again the population below poverty line of India decreases, but the population below poverty line of the states having lower per capita NSDP gets increases, e.g., Assam. Again the states having the higher per capita NSDP grab more FDI inflows. Thus we can conclude by saying that higher per capita income states have lower population below poverty line and received more FDI inflows, while lower per capita NSDP states have higher population below poverty line and received fewer amounts of FDI inflows. Again the leading sectors, which drive the Indian growth process very high, have completely failed in Assam.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: STATE WISE ANALYSIS
In this research paper, the levels of development has been analysed for measuring the regional imbalance among Indian states applying the Wroclaw Taxonomic Method (Ewusi, 1976; Arief, 1982; Narain et.al. 2003, 2009, 2012; and Ohlan, 2013). The level of development was obtained with the help of composite index based on optimum combination of twenty two socioeconomic and environmental sustainability indicators. The state wise data for the year 2011-12 in respect of these indicators were utilized for 10 different states of India. The level of development was estimated separately for economic development, demographic transition, educational development, health development, environmental sustainability and overall development in order to get a clear picture of regional disparities. The state of Maharashtra was ranked first in overall development while state of Bihar was found very deprived in every sector of development. For achieving identical regional development and improving the quality of life the potential targets for various socioeconomic facilities along with environmental sustainability have been estimated. The empirical results show that wide disparities in the level of development exist among the different states. The level of socioeconomic development along with environmental sustainability are found to be statistically significant and positively associated with the overall development indicating that the growth and progress of all the sectors have been going hand in hand in economy of the country. The results also show that demographic profile of the states is the constraint and not significantly influence overall development. The study suggests that low developed states require immediate attention of the government to improve most of the development indicators for enhancing their levels of overall development.