Motivational factors and negative affectivity as predictors of alcohol craving (original) (raw)
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Craving sensation in the assessment of alcohol-dependent persons
Alcoholism and Drug Addiction, 2016
The aim of the study was to determine the level of craving in alcohol-dependent subjects, as well as the age and gender-related differences in its occurrence. The correlations between the feeling of craving and the variables that affect its occurrence, such as the need for reward, the desire for relief, or obsessive thoughts about drinking and compulsive behaviours were also analysed. Methods: The study was conducted in a group of 220 subjects, including 110 men and 110 women diagnosed with alcohol dependence syndrome (F10.2). The study was carried out in the third week of therapy, with the use of Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS-hd), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and Craving Typology Questionnaire (CTQ). Results: No gender-related differences in the level of experienced craving and coping with it were found. However, numerous age-related differences in the prevalence of craving were observed. Younger subjects, in comparison to older ones, are characterised by more frequent occurrence of this symptom. The intensity and duration of craving sensations are also higher in the younger group. Peer review under responsibility of Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology.
Addiction, 2005
Aims The goal of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ). Design and participants The German version of the ACQ was administered to a sample of 243 alcohol-dependent or alcohol-abusing subjects. A subgroup of the sample (n = 46) completed the German translation of the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) and the ACQ a second time. Measurements To validate the factor models, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were carried out. Examination of the psychometric properties of the ACQ included the analysis of the item characteristics to exclude non-sensitive items, an exploratory factor analysis of the remaining items and calculation of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity. Findings Neither of the two models showed a satisfactory correspondence. An exploratory factor analysis of a revised version of the ACQ (ACQ-R), based on the psychometric properties of the items, revealed two stable factors ('urge and intention to drink alcohol' and 'reinforcement') with high internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity. The model fit was also excellent in the CFA. Conclusions The ACQ-R is a reliable and valid instrument to assess alcohol craving. However, the ACQ-R lacks items related to loss of control. Therefore a multi-dimensional assessment, e.g. the combination of the ACQ-R and the OCDS, is recommended.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2013
The abbreviated Desires for Alcohol Questionnaire (DAQ) is a self-report assessment of craving comprising the following subscales: (a) strong desires/intentions to drink, (b) negative reinforcement, and (c) positive reinforcement and ability to control drinking. Although the DAQ is sensitive to changes in alcohol craving precipitated by alcohol administration and/or cue exposure, no studies to date have examined the relationship between DAQ scores and subjective responses to alcohol. This study addresses this gap in the literature by testing the relationship between subjective responses to alcohol during alcohol administration and DAQ scores assessed 1 month later. Individuals with alcohol dependence (n = 32) completed a randomized, single-blinded, intravenous alcohol administration in the laboratory in which subjective responses to the alcohol were measured, followed by a visit to the laboratory 1 month later to complete the DAQ. Analyses revealed robust associations between DAQ sc...
Craving Typology Questionnaire (CTQ): A scale for alcohol craving in normal controls and alcoholics
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2013
Introduction: Craving is commonly thought to play a crucial role both in the transition from controlled drinking to alcohol dependence and in the mechanism underlying relapse. However there is no consensus on its definition, and on its correct assessment. Another significant hindrance is that craving is almost certainly a multi-faceted construct. To this respect a three pathway psychobiological model able to differentiate craving into a reward, relief, and obsessive component has been suggested. Methods: CTQ was administered to 547 control subjects and to 100 alcohol dependent patients. The dimensional structure of the questionnaire, through the principal component analysis, the reliability and the threshold values were evaluated in both the control and clinical sample.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2011
Objective: Negative affect is a significant predictor of alcohol relapse, and the relation between negative affect and drinking has been shown to be strongly mediated by alcohol craving. Thus, targeting craving during treatment could potentially attenuate the relation between negative affect and drinking. Method: The current study is a secondary analysis of data from the COMBINE study, a randomized clinical trial that combined pharmacotherapy with behavioral intervention in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Our goal in the current study was to examine whether a treatment module that targeted craving would predict changes in negative mood during the 16-week combined behavioral intervention (n ϭ 776) and the relation among changes in mood, craving, and changes in heavy drinking during treatment and 1 year posttreatment. Results: Changes in negative mood were significantly associated with changes in heavy drinking during treatment (f 2 ϭ 0.78). Participants (n ϭ 432) who received the craving module had significantly fewer heavy drinking days during treatment (d ϭ 0.31), and receiving the module moderated the relation between negative mood and heavy drinking during treatment (f 2 ϭ 0.92) and 1 year posttreatment (f 2 ϭ 0.03). Moderating effects of the craving module were mediated by changes in craving during treatment. Within-subject analyses indicated significant pre-to postmodule reductions in negative mood. Additionally, postmodule craving significantly mediated the association between negative mood and heavy drinking during treatment and at posttreatment. Conclusions: The craving module of the combined behavioral intervention may weaken the relation between negative affect and heavy drinking by fostering greater decreases in craving during treatment.
Psychometric Properties of the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1999
Background This study introduces the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), which has been used in several clinical trials at the University of Pennsylvania's Treatment Research Center. The PACS is a five-item, self-report measure that includes questions about the frequency, intensity, and duration of craving, the ability to resist drinking, and asks for an overall rating of craving for alcohol for the previous week. Each question is scaled from 0 to 6.
Psychometric properties of the transaddiction craving triggers questionnaire in alcohol use disorder
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
Objectives: We aimed to develop the transaddiction craving triggers questionnaire (TCTQ), which assesses the propensity of specific situations and contexts to trigger craving and to test its psychometric properties in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Methods: This study included a sample of 111 AUD outpatients. We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and calculated item-dimension correlations. Internal consistency was measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Construct validity was assessed through Spearman correlations with craving, emotional symptoms, impulsivity, mindfulness, and drinking characteristics. Results: The EFA suggested a 3-factor solution: unpleasant affect, pleasant affect, and cues and related thoughts. Cronbach's coefficient alpha ranged from .80 to .95 for the three factors and the total score. Weak positive correlations were identified between the TCTQ and drinking outcomes, and moderate correlation were found between the TCTQ and craving strength, impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and impact of alcohol on quality of life. Conclusions: The 3-factor structure is congruent with the well-established propensity of emotions and cues to trigger craving. Construct validity is supported by close relations between the TCTQ and psychological well-being rather than between the TCTQ and drinking behaviors. Longitudinal validation is warranted to assess sensitivity to change of the TCTQ and to explore its psychometric properties in other addictive disorders.
The Role of Craving in Alcohol Use, Dependence, and Treatment
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2001
This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 RSA Meeting in Denver, Colorado. The organizer and chair was Barbara A. Flannery, and the co-chairs were Barbara A. Flannery and Helen Pettinati. The presentations were (1) Animal models of alcohol craving and relapse, by Amanda Roberts;