Клинкова зброя скіфського типу на теренах Східноєвропейського Лісостепу (Blade weapon of the Scythian time in the East-European Forest-Steppe area) (original) (raw)
Related papers
Topal Denis, “Scythian blade weaponry of 7th–4th centuries BC (South-western part of Eastern Europe)”. For the scientific degree: PhD in History, Kishinev, 2018. Structure of the paper: Introduction, four chapters, general conclusions and recommendations, bibliography, four appendixes including the catalogue of artefacts, figures and maps. Obtained results were published in 15 scientific articles. Keywords: Scythian culture, Carpathian-Danube region, Scythian weaponry, blade weaponry, akinakes. Field of research: 613.01 – Archaeology. The aim of the thesis: generalization and systematization of data on blade weaponry from the territory of the European area of Scythian culture. Objectives of the thesis: Generalization of historiographic observations, allocation of functional groups in the mass of Scythian akinakai, identification of chronologically significant features, allocation of types which have chronological importance and verification of typological constructions on the material of western part of the Scythian area. Methodology: Comparative analysis of the empirical distribution of variation series of features, mapping, comparative chronological analysis of closed complexes, cross-dating. Scientific novelty. The data on the blade weaponry of the western part of Scythian culture were summarized for the first time, and as a result, the local features are revealed. These typological constructions were verified and a new grouping on the territorial principle was proposed, the links between the groups were identified, their chronological positions were refined. Analysis of the distribution of complexes and stray finds has made it possible to identify the routes of penetration of weaponry and their carriers into the Carpathian-Danube region. Solved scientific problem. As a result of research, a scientific problem related to the evolution of Scythian blade weaponry on the South-East of Eastern Europe was solved. The main chronological changes in morphology and origins of Scythian akinakes were identified (North Caucasus, Dnieper forest-steppe, Transylvania). In addition, the dynamics of the moving of these centres was documented chronologically. The theoretical value of the paper is determined by an integrated approach to solving the issues of the chronology of Scythian armament and the problems of penetration of early nomads into South-Eastern Europe. The practical significance of the paper. The results of the research could be used: in compilations on ancient history and archeology of Eastern Europe, as well as on the history of armament of nomads in the Early Iron Age; in the preparation of textbooks and manuals; in the process of the development of special courses in historical disciplines; in the creation of museum expositions. Implementation of scientific results. The results of the research were presented by the author during the 10 International conferences, seminars and colloquia.
Topal Denis, “Scythian blade weaponry of 7th–4th centuries BC (South-western part of Eastern Europe)”. For the scientific degree: PhD in History, Kishinev, 2018. Structure of the paper: Introduction, four chapters, general conclusions and recommendations, bibliography, four appendixes including the catalogue of artefacts, figures and maps. Obtained results were published in 15 scientific articles. Keywords: Scythian culture, Carpathian-Danube region, Scythian weaponry, blade weaponry, akinakes. Field of research: 613.01 – Archaeology. The aim of the thesis: generalization and systematization of data on blade weaponry from the territory of the European area of Scythian culture. Objectives of the thesis: Generalization of historiographic observations, allocation of functional groups in the mass of Scythian akinakai, identification of chronologically significant features, allocation of types which have chronological importance and verification of typological constructions on the material of western part of the Scythian area. Methodology: Comparative analysis of the empirical distribution of variation series of features, mapping, comparative chronological analysis of closed complexes, cross-dating. Scientific novelty. The data on the blade weaponry of the western part of Scythian culture were summarized for the first time, and as a result, the local features are revealed. These typological constructions were verified and a new grouping on the territorial principle was proposed, the links between the groups were identified, their chronological positions were refined. Analysis of the distribution of complexes and stray finds has made it possible to identify the routes of penetration of weaponry and their carriers into the Carpathian-Danube region. Solved scientific problem. As a result of research, a scientific problem related to the evolution of Scythian blade weaponry on the South-East of Eastern Europe was solved. The main chronological changes in morphology and origins of Scythian akinakes were identified (North Caucasus, Dnieper forest-steppe, Transylvania). In addition, the dynamics of the moving of these centres was documented chronologically. The theoretical value of the paper is determined by an integrated approach to solving the issues of the chronology of Scythian armament and the problems of penetration of early nomads into South-Eastern Europe. The practical significance of the paper. The results of the research could be used: in compilations on ancient history and archeology of Eastern Europe, as well as on the history of armament of nomads in the Early Iron Age; in the preparation of textbooks and manuals; in the process of the development of special courses in historical disciplines; in the creation of museum expositions. Implementation of scientific results. The results of the research were presented by the author during the 10 International conferences, seminars and colloquia.
Scythian blade weapon in the studies of archaeologists of Kyiv scientific school The article discusses the history of studies of Scythian swords and daggers by the researchers of Kyiv scientific school. The author critically analyzes the main theories referring to the general and particular questions of blade weapon research. The paper considers the questions of the origin and distribution and examines the problems of their usage in battles and in rituals. The question of the Scythian sword origin there are three main hypothesis outlined Near East theory (by M. Rostovtsev and A. Meliukova), Central Asia theory (A. Terenozhkin, V. Murzin, V. Klochko), and North Caucasus theory (O. Lieskov, Ye. Chernenko, S. Skoryi, S. Makhortykh, Yu. Boltryk). The third version is considered as most common and scientifically grounded. The ritual function of swords an daggers was analyzed by S. Bessonova in the context of research of the Scythian religion. A philosophical search has a prominent place in the articles by Yu. Boltryk. Theoretical studies of military affairs were conducted by E. Chernenko and S. Skoryi. Since the beginning of the 21st century, researchers pay more attention to the interpretation of chance finds. S. Skoryi joins the debate about the Scythian routs to the Central Europe. Distribution of swords and daggers in the Black Sea region were analyzed by Yu. Boltryk. The general perspective shows the concept of studying weapon as a social and ethnic marker. Recently, researchers are increasingly paying attention to the possible ethno-cultural specifics of the Scythian weapon. The issue of social and ethnic interpretation were examined by S. Skoryi, D. Grechko and S. Makhortykh. Today most investigators assume that the Scythian nomads were the main carriers of blade weapon in the area of Eastern Europe Forest-Steppe.
The paper explores a set of weapons from grave 33 of the Kichmalka II cemetery located in the Zolsky District of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, the Russian Federation. The set consisted of a long sword and a short sword of the Mediterranean origin that had ferrules extended on to the shafts (Fig. 1). The X-ray examination has shown that the ferrules were made when the blades with broken shafts were repaired (Fig. 2). Stylistically similar items have been so far found only among the artifacts of the Tsebelda culture (Fig. 3). The authors assume that such weapons were exported from the Tsebelda area and reached the North Caucasus population in the 5th – early 6th centuries. A component of the sword-belt (a large amber pendant bead with a plaque made in the cloisonné style) and parts of the short sword scabbard also find stylistic parallels among the weapons associated with Mediterranean or Early Byzantine military traditions that absorbed Late Roman, Sasanid and nomadic elements.
Archaeology and Ancient history of Ukraine, 2019
In the Scythian time in the territory of the Middle Danube, Transylvanian and the Southern Carpathian regions, the original group of single-edged akinakai is distributed. By the time the Scythians penetrated Carpathian region, a part of the population of Basarabi culture (bearers of the Illyrian tradition of single-edged weaponry) moved to the north, to the South Carpathians and Transylvania. Perhaps it is the circumstance that can explain the appearance of single-edged akianakai with a T-shaped handle of the Nógrád type in the foothills of the Southern Carpathians and the Apuseni Mountains in the south-west of Transylvania. The basis for the Nógrád akinakai, apparently, was the akinakai of the Shumeyko type (or Piliny type according to A. Vulpe), which spread at the turn of the Early and Middle Scythian periods. This is indicated by the features of Nógrád akinakai, characteristic of the Shumeyko type like a narrow elongated blade (often triangular), a massive kidney-shaped crosshair, a two-part handle and decoration with its transverse notches, a narrow elongated rhombic pommel. Like Shumeyko akinakai, the single-edged swords of the Nógrád type appear at the turn of the 7th – 6th centuries BC and exist until the end of the 6th century. At the same time, the bulk of the complexes with akinakai of the Nógrád type belong to the second half or even the end of the 6th century BC.
Скіфський меч зі Слов'янська (Scythian sword from Sloviansk)
2019
Recently new chance find of the Scythian long sword was presented in the Sloviansk regional museum. Thanks to attention of activists and officials, it was restored in a proper manner. The sword has zoomorphic antenna pommel, triangular crossguard and long blade with grooves. Due to analogies from the burials, this sword dates by the middle — late 5th century BC. Similar finds are known from Beresniahy, barrow 4, Aktash, barrow 48 and others. This period was time of permanent conflicts and in-stability in Northern Black Sea region. For example, such prominent sites as Motronyn and Western Bilsk hillforts became desolate. It is interesting that range of 5th century BC bladed weapon was very wide. At the same time, Sloviansk region was sparsely populated frontier of the Scythian culture. However, there are known some individual weapon chance finds and separated burials. They are located near the watershed rout that later was named Muravskii way. We can assume that they mark area of nomad’s strategic interests and points of clashes for the salt lakes and fertile floodplains in the Siverskii Dinets basin. In addition, it should be noted that hypothesis about chance finds of swords as remains of Ares’s altar has no reliable evidences
Клинковое оружие из некрополя Артющенко-2 / Blade Weapon from the Necropolis of Artyuschenko-2
Древности Боспора, 2010
Voroshilov А.N., Kashaev S.V. Blade Weapon from the Necropolis of Artyuschenko-2 The article presents the publication of the blade weapon of the 5th century BC from the necropolis of Artyuschenko-2. The weapon regarded is represented with three main categories: akinakes, swords of Sindian-Meotian type and battle knives. In the cemetery no sword or dagger of the traditional Greek forms has been revealed. Of great importance is the dating of the collection elaborated on the basis of the inventory of burials with blades. The warriors’ weapon set with a blade and possible manner of its carrying are regarded. The tradition of use of blade weapon of Scythian type — akinakes, widely represented in the burials of the first half of the 5th century BC, abruptly ceased at the end of the century. Considerable differences between the weapon of Sindian-Meothian type of the first half of the 5th century BC and that of the late 5th — early 6th centuries BC are pointed out. Against the background of paucity and poor preservation of archaeological sources concerning the warfare of Cimmerian Bosporus the publication of new finds of weaponry is of special actuality and importance.
The article covers the blade weapons from the 6th – 1st cc. burials at Pokrovka on the left bank of the Ilek in the Southern Urals. The author offers a typology of the artifacts based on traditional principles of classification. All the combinations of the types of weapons in the assemblages have been analyzed; the types have been grouped chronologically on the basis of analyzing quiver assemblages. The article dates the assemblages which include blade weapons and rectifies the dating for the assemblages in which arrowheads have been found along with swords and daggers. The results of the research show the trends in the development of blade weapons in early nomad populations in the region.
The Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin / Нижневолжский археологический вестник, 2022
In 2019, a long iron sword with a golden hilt was found in a kurgan near the village of Vysochino, near the city of Azov. On the pommel of the sword hilt was a stylized image of a bird of prey. This type of sword was named the Solokha type, after the first find in the Solokha mound. The published find is confidently dated by the five amphorae found in the burial to the early 4 th century BC. Swords with eagle-headed finials appear as early as the 6th century BC in the Central Asian region. Here they are made in a realistic manner. In the 5 th-4 th centuries BC, this type of products penetrated into European Scythia. At the same time, realism is lost, images of bird heads are schematized. The characteristic detail of the image of a large round eye is lost. The pommel turns into a claw-like one. The change of the semantic meaning of the finial: in the archaic period of the Scythian culture, which had a phallic expression to an ornithomorphic one, indicates a change in ideological ideas. New ideas were brought with them by a new wave of migrants from Central Asia at the turn of the 6 th-5 th centuries BC.