World values surveys and European values surveys, 1981-1984, 1990-1993, and 1995-1997 (original) (raw)
International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 2010
This study tests the compatibility and comparability of the human values measurements from the third round of the European Social Survey (ESS) to measure the 10 values from Schwartz' (1992) value theory in 25 countries. Furthermore, it explains the dangers associated with ignoring non-invariance before comparing the values across nations or over time, and specifically describes how invariance may be tested. After initially determining how many values can be identified for each country separately, the comparability of value measurements across countries is assessed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA). This is necessary to allow later comparisons of values' correlates and means across countries. Finally, invariance of values over time (2002-2007) is tested. Such invariance allows estimating aggregate value change and comparing it across countries meaningfully. In line with past results, only four to seven values can be identified in each country. Analyses reveal that the ESS value measurements are not suitable for measuring the 10 values; therefore, some adjacent values are unified. Furthermore, a subset of eight countries displays metric invariance for seven values, and metric invariance for 6 values is found for 21 countries. This finding indicates that values in these countries have similar meanings, and their correlates may be compared but not their means. Finally, temporal scalar invariance is evidenced within countries and over time thus allowing longitudinal value change to be studied in all the participating countries.
Bringing values back in the adequacy of the European Social Survey to measure values in 20 countries
2008
Values are prominent in public discourse today. Theorists have long considered values central to understanding attitudes and behavior. The Schwartz (1992) theory of basic human values has promoted a revival of empirical research on values. The semi-annual European Social Survey (ESS) includes a new 21-item instrument to measure the importance of the ten basic values of the theory. Representative national samples in 20 countries responded to the instrument in 2002-3.
Value Change in Western European Societies: Results from the European Values Study
関西学院大学社会学部紀要, 2009
According to contemporary modernization theories, Western and thus European societies are gradually transforming as a result of growing individualization, secularization, and globalization. Key issues in these transformation processes are the de-traditionalization and heterogenization of people's values. Analyses of the survey data from the European Values Study in 1981, 1990 and 1999 do not yield much evidence of vast changes. The trends appear not very substantive and seem to reveal gradual and rather slow changes in various directions. Which direction the course of changes takes depends upon the particular issue at stake. All in all it must be concluded that the answer to the question of what has happened to European values can be answered in two words: not much.
A Twenty-First Century Assessment of Values Across the Global
Journal of Business Ethics, 2011
This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey (SVS) data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual-and societallevel analyses. At the individual-level, we report on the ten circumplex values sub-dimensions and two sets of values dimensions (collectivism and individualism; openness to change, conservation, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence). At the societal-level, we report on the values dimensions of embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism, and
Value Orientations From the World Values Survey: How Comparable Are They Cross-Nationally?
We examine data from the World Values Survey regarding the existence of two consistent orientations in mass values, traditional versus secular/rational and survival versus self-expression. We also evaluate the empirical validity of Welzel’s revised value orientations: secular and emancipative. Over the years, a large body of work has presumed the stability and comparability of these value orientations across time and space. Our findings uncover little evidence of the existence of traditional–secular/rational or survival–selfexpression values. Welzel’s two dimensions of value orientations—secular and emancipative—seem more reflective of latent value orientations in mass publics but are still imperfectly capturing these orientations. More importantly, these value orientations do not seem very comparable except among a small number of advanced post-industrial democracies. We call attention to the use of value measurements to explain important macrolevel phenomena.
2008
The study reported in this paper assesses the fit of a 21-item instrument measuring values in the second round of the European Social Survey (ESS) to the theory of 10 basic values on which it was based (Schwartz 1992). In particular, the measurement invariance of this instrument for studying value priorities across nations and over time was investigated. In the first part of the study, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) of data from the second ESS round, configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the values are assessed across 25 countries. Metric invariance is a necessary condition to insure equivalence of the meaning of factors and a precondition for comparing values' correlates. Scalar invariance is a precondition for comparing value means. The MGCFA did not support configural and metric invariance across 25 countries. After reducing the number of countries to 14, the MGCFA supported metric invariance of the same model found for the data of Round 1 (Davidov, Schmidt, and Schwartz in press) with seven distinct values. These value measurements may now be used by researchers to study relationships among values, attitudes, behavior, and sociodemographic characteristics across the 14 nations. Comparing national value means may be possible only across a smaller set of countries where scalar invariance holds. In the second part of the study, metric and scalar invariance were established between the first and the second rounds of the ESS in each of 19 countries separately. In 9 countries, the model found for the data of Round 1 also fitted the longitudinal comparison, but in 10 countries model modifications were needed. Value means may be compared for each of the countries between the first and second ESS rounds (2002-2003 and 2004-2005, respectively).
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2014
Several studies that measured basic human values across countries with the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21) reported violations of measurement invariance. Such violations may hinder meaningful cross-cultural research on human values because value scores may not be comparable. Schwartz et al. proposed a refined value theory and a new instrument (PVQ-5X) to measure 19 more narrowly defined values. We tested the measurement invariance of this instrument across eight countries. Configural and metric invariance were established for all values across almost all countries. Scalar invariance was supported across nearly all countries for 10 values. The analyses revealed that the cross-country invariance properties of the values measured with the PVQ-5X are substantially better than those measured with the PVQ-21.
2016
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program developed to assess the impact of values stability or change over time on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. It started in 1981 by Ronald Inglehart and his team, since then has involved more than 100 world societies and turned into the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed on a global scale. The article consists of a few sections differing by the focus. The authors begin with the description of survey methodology and organization management that both ensure cross-national and cross-regional comparative character of the study (the survey is implemented using the same questionnaire, a face-to-face mode of interviews, and the same sample type in every country). The next part of the article presents a short overview of the project history and comparative surveys’ time-series (so called “waves” - periods b...
The Cross-National Invariance Properties of a New Scale to Measure 19 Basic Human Values
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2014
Several studies that measured basic human values across countries with the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21) reported violations of measurement invariance. Such violations may hinder meaningful cross-cultural research on human values because value scores may not be comparable. Schwartz et al. proposed a refined value theory and a new instrument (PVQ-5X) to measure 19 more narrowly defined values. We tested the measurement invariance of this instrument across eight countries. Configural and metric invariance were established for all values across almost all countries. Scalar invariance was supported across nearly all countries for 10 values. The analyses revealed that the cross-country invariance properties of the values measured with the PVQ-5X are substantially better than those measured with the PVQ-21.
Journal of Cross- …, 2010
Hofstede identified four value dimensions at the country level but did not find matching dimensions at the individual level. Schwartz discriminated different sets of value constructs at individual and country-levels, based on separate analyses per level. In this article, the authors directly examine the degree of similarity or isomorphism between the structure of values in individual-and country-level analyses, using multidimensional scaling followed by generalized Procrustes analysis. Using data from the Schwartz Value Survey from 53 and 66 countries, the authors find substantial similarity in structure across levels, but indices fall somewhat short of structural isomorphism. The authors then test hypotheses regarding possible causes of the less than perfect isomorphism between the levels. Number of countries (sample size at country level) and structural shifts in individual items account for some of the lack of isomorphism. Implications for future cross-cultural research are discussed.
Tradition vs. Modernity : The Continuing Dichotomy of Values in European Society
Revue française de sociologie, 2008
The modernisation theories developed in the 50s and 60s suggested that societies were converging toward modern values, gradually abandoning their traditional values. This convergence idea is reexamined in the following article within the context of European countries and on the basis of processed Values surveys. A set of attitude scales was constructed and then analysed through multivariate techniques. Two main results emerge from this analysis. First, it appears that, regardless of date and country, the Europeans' values are still structured around a traditionalism axis. This result obviously contradicts the theories of convergence towards modernity, theories that are strongly criticised. It is also an opportunity to reflect on the counterpart of traditionalism-need it be called "modernity"?-and on the relations between economic and moral attitudes. Second, religiosity is strongly linked to this structuring of values but it mainly opposes European members of whatever religious denomination to non-members, rather than-as is often imagined-Catholics to Protestants. All in all, the tension between tradition and modernity remains at the core of the value system of European societies.
RUDN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, 2016
The World Values Survey (WVS) is an international research program developed to assess the impact of values stability or change over time on the social, political and economic development of countries and societies. It started in 1981 by Ronald Inglehart and his team, since then has involved more than 100 world societies and turned into the largest non-commercial cross-national empirical time-series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed on a global scale. The article consists of a few sections differing by the focus. The authors begin with the description of survey methodology and organization management that both ensure cross-national and cross-regional comparative character of the study (the survey is implemented using the same questionnaire, a face-to-face mode of interviews, and the same sample type in every country). The next part of the article presents a short overview of the project history and comparative surveys' time-series (so called " waves " — periods between two and four years long during which collection of data in several dozens of countries using one same questionnaire is taking place; such waves are conducted every five years). Here the authors describe every wave of the WVS mentioning coordination and management activities that were determined by the extension of the project thematically and geographically. After that the authors identify the key features of the WVS in the New Independent States and mention some of the results of the study conducted in NIS countries in 1990—2014, such as high level of uncertainty in the choice of ideological preferences; rapid growth of declared religiosity; observed gap between the declared values and actual facts of social life, etc. The final section of the article summarizes the findings and key publications of the project for its data is widely used to analyse economic and political development, religious beliefs, gender equality, social capital, subjective well-being and many other issues of social development and values change in the world.
Validating GLOBE's societal values scales: a test in the U.S.A
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's seminal work less than half a century ago illustrates the relative Johnny-come-lately nature of cross-cultural research. The last fifty years have been dominated by such cross-cultural giants as Hofstede, Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, Triandis, Schwartz, and the GLOBE authors. Each of these authors views cross-cultural studies through differing lenses, seldom agreeing on much, and more often than not disagreeing on concepts, theory, methodology, and application. The latest major contribution comes from GLOBE which Triandis has called the 'Manhattan Project' of cultural studies. It has also been said that the GLOBE project was the single most important piece of cross-cultural research in a quarter of a century. This study set out to validate several of the GLOBE cultural dimensions including validity and reliability tests of the GLOBE scales. The final GLOBE dimensions and measures used in this study were Gender Egalitarianism, Assertiveness, Performance Orientation, and Humane Orientation. The positivistic, quantitative methodology employed in this study was used to validate the borrowed GLOBE scales for each of the chosen and respective dimensions. These measures were analyzed using several multivariate analysis techniques. The GLOBE scales proved to be reliable and valid in the context of this study.
Theoretical Aspects of World Value Survey:Main Principles, Challenges and Critics
In this article are discussed values and their role in forming and developing society. In the article we approach theoretical aspects, in particular: modernization theory and stages of its development, modernization and democracy development, classification of values and their changes, as well as results of the World Values Survey; also, we consider methodological difficulties and problems related to the survey and in conclusion we offer an alternative methodological approach in the studying of values and their development.
2015
Two value concepts are dominant in the social sciences: (1) Schwartz’s theory of basic hu-man values, measured through the Portrait Values Questionnaire (ESS) and (2) Inglehart’s postmaterialism and Welzel’s extension to the self-expression values scale (WVS/EVS). To advance research in values, two questions need to be addressed: (1) Are the concepts and measurements of values in the different approaches interchangeable? (2) Which of the con-cepts performs better for explaining moral and social attitudes? This study contributes to the discussion on value concepts by comparing these value instruments using individual level data from an online access panel (n = 762) and assessing the performance of values instruments for microexplanations of moral (end-of-life attitudes and sexual morality) and social attitudes (xenophobia). Overall, the measurement model of basic human values with the PVQ provides a sound basis for comparing the Schwartz values to postmaterialism and self-expression ...
RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 2009
Shared values are typically seen as one of the core aspects of culture. The usual procedure for deriving shared cultural values is through analyzing individuals' value priorities at the cultural-level. This paper outlines the conceptual and methodological problems associated with this procedure. Findings from selected empirical studies are presented to corroborate this critique. Alternative ways of measuring cultural values at the individual-level are presented and classified into a value taxonomy. Within this taxonomy past studies have so far focused on measuring values through importance ratings reflecting what individuals or social groups "desire". However, the argument is made that if cultural values are supposed to be shared they should reflect what is "desirable", i.e. what one "ought" to value or to strive for as a goal in life in a certain society. This constitutes a new approach for the measurement of cultural values. It is proposed that cultural values are measurable at the individual-level using the concept of morality. Suggestions are made how moral values could be operationalized referring to either the individual's moral values or those of a social group. The benefits of the value taxonomy for future research are eventually described.