Growth and physiological responses of Chinese cabbage and radish to long-term exposure to elevated carbon dioxide and temperature (original) (raw)
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Life Sciences in Space Research, 2020
Among candidate leafy vegetable species initially considered for astronauts to pick and eat from the Veggie plant-growth unit on the International Space Station (ISS), Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. cv. Tokyo Bekana) ranked high in ground-based screening studies. However, subsequent attempts to optimize growth within rigorous ISS-like growth environments on the ground were frustrated by development of leaf chlorosis, necrosis, and uneven growth. 'Tokyo Bekana' ('TB') grown on ISS during the VEG-03B and C flights developed similar stress symptoms. After lengthy troubleshooting efforts to identify causes of sub-par growth in highly controlled environments, the super-elevated CO 2 concentrations that plants on ISS are exposed to continuously (average of 2,800 µmol/mol) emerged as a candidate environmental condition responsible for the observed plant-stress symptoms. Subsequent ground-based studies found continuous exposure to ISS levels of CO 2 under Veggie environmental and cultural conditions to significantly inhibit growth of 'TB' compared to near-Earth-normal CO 2 controls. The present study investigated growth and gas-exchange responses of 'TB' to sub-ISS but still elevated CO 2 levels (900 or 1,350 µmol/mol) in combination with other potential stressors related to ISS/Veggie compared to 450 µmol/mol CO 2 controls. Shoot dry mass of plants grown at 450 µmol•mol −1 CO 2 for 28 days was 96% and 80% higher than that of plants grown at 900 µmol•mol −1 CO 2 and 1,350 µmol•mol −1 CO 2, respectively. Leaf number and leaf area of controls were significantly higher than those of plants grown at 1,350 µmol•mol −1 CO 2. Photosynthetic rate measured using a leaf cuvette was significantly lower for plants grown at 900 µmol•mol −1 CO 2 than for controls. The ratio of leaf internal CO 2 concentration (C i) to cuvette ambient CO 2 concentration (C a) was significantly lower for plants grown at 450 µmol•mol −1 CO 2 than for plants grown at elevated CO 2. Thus, continuously elevated CO 2 in combination with a Veggie cultivation system decreased growth, leaf area, and photosynthetic efficiency of Chinese cabbage 'Tokyo Bekana'. The results of this study suggest that 'Tokyo Bekana' is very sensitive to continuously elevated CO 2 in such a growth environment, and indicate the need for improved environmental control of CO 2 and possibly root-zone factors for successful crop production in the ISS spaceflight environment. Differential sensitivity of other salad crops to an ISS/Veggie growth environment also is possible, so it is important to mimic controllable ISS-like environmental conditions as precisely as possible during ground-based screening.
Plant and Cell Physiology, 1998
The effects of sink capacity on the regulation of the acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to elevated levels of carbon dioxide are important from a global perspective. We investigated the effeocts of elevated (750/onol mol" 1 ) and ambient (350 //mol mol -1 ) atmospheric CO 2 on growth, carbohydrate levels, and photosynthesis in radish seedlings from 15 to 46 d after planting. In radish, a major sink is the storage root, and its thickening is initiated early. Elevated CO 2 increased the accumulation of dry matter by 111% but had no effect on the acclimation of the rate of photosynthesis or on the levels of carbohydrates in leaves at dawn. Elevated CO 2 increased the dry weight in storage roots by 105% by 46 d after planting, apparently enhancing the sink capacity. This enhanced capacity seemed to be responsible for absorption of elevated levels of photosynthate and to result in the absence of any over-accumulation of carbohydrates in source leaves and the absence of negative acclimation of photosynthetic capacity at the elevated level of CO 2 .
Polish Journal of …, 2006
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different CO 2 concentrations on carbohydrate, chlorophyll contents and net photosynthetic productivity in radish (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Žara) leaves. Plants were exposed to 350, 700, 1,500 and 3,000 ppm atmospheric CO 2 concentrations over ten days. Day/ night temperature was 24°C/17°C and photoperiod was 16 h. Carbohydrate (fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose) content analysis was performed using chromatographic methods. The content of chlorophyll was evaluated spectrophotometrically. The results showed that elevated CO 2 increases total carbohydrate content and changes in hexoses/sucrose ratio. A significant increase in chlorophyll content was only in 1,500 ppm treatment. Differences in photosynthetic productivity rate were within error margins. There was no effect on carbohydrate and chlorophyll contents in radish leaves seven days after returning plants to ambient CO 2 , though higher photosynthetic productivity rate was in radish, previously grown under 700 ppm CO 2 . In summary, leaf carbohydrate contents affect the intensity of photosynthetic pigment synthesis.
Response of different agricultural plants to elevated CO2 and air temperature
The aim of this study was to estimate the response of different agricultural plants to elevated CO 2 and temperature and to check a hypothesis that current ambient CO 2 concentration is a limiting factor for growth of most agricultural species. Experiments were conducted in the chambers with a controlled climate. Seven most common agricultural crops and one weed species fat hen (Chenopodium album L.) were selected for the investigation. Dry over-ground biomass, concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids were evaluated at the end of the experiments. The over-ground biomass of all investigated species significantly increased along with an increase in CO 2 concentrations and for most species the greatest biomass accumulation was observed at 700-1500 ppm. Response of fat hen biomass accumulation to elevated CO 2 concentration was comparatively small and statistically insignificant, indicating that for this species current CO 2 concentration is not a limiting factor. Analysis of the results on integrated impact of elevated CO 2 (700 ppm) and temperature (+4ºC) on the growth of investigated plants showed that the plant response is highly species specific. Tomato and soybean, which are considered the greatest warmth-loving plants under local climate conditions, produced the highest amount of biomass at elevated both CO 2 and temperature. For other investigated species, no positive interaction between CO 2 and temperature was detected and differences in biomass formation under elevated CO 2 alone and elevated both CO 2 and temperature ere not statistically significant.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2013
BACKGROUNDFuture concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is very important due to its apparent economic and environmental impact in terms of climate change. However, a compressive assessment of its effect on the nutritional and chemical characteristics of food crops has yet to be established. In the present study the impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on the yield, chemical composition and nutritional quality of three root vegetables, carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. T‐1‐111), radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Mino) and turnip (Brassica rapa L. cv. Grabe) has been investigated.RESULTSThe yield of carrot, radish and turnip increased by 69, 139 and 72%, respectively, when grown under elevated CO2 conditions. Among the proximate composition, protein, vitamin C and fat contents decreased significantly for all the vegetables while sugar and fibre contents were increased. Response of the vegetables to elevated CO2, in terms of elemental composition, was different with a significant de...
The performance of Brevicoryne brassicae on ornamental cabbages grown in CO2-enriched atmospheres
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 2012
The effect of different atmospheric CO 2 concentrations on life table parameters and the biology of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, when fed on two cultivars of ornamental cabbage, was studied in a greenhouse designed for CO 2 studies. Aphid performance was influenced by increasing atmospheric CO 2 levels, significantly affecting the intrinsic rate of increase (r m), finite rate of increase (λ), mean generation time (T), doubling time (DT), and pre-reproductive period. The longest pre-reproductive period was observed for aphids grown at 380 ppm CO 2. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was highest for aphids at 1050 ppm CO 2 , because of their faster development, high daily rate of progeny production, and higher survivorship. Future elevated CO 2 concentrations will enhance aphid population outbreaks and consequently increase the damage caused.
European Journal of Agronomy, 2011
The projected changes of atmospheric composition and associated climatic parameters will challenge the agricultural production in ways, which existing crop populations have not previously experienced. Therefore, understanding the responsiveness to changes of multiple environmental parameters in existing genotypes is vital. In this study, the responses in yield and biomass production of four different cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) were tested under five different combinations of increased [CO 2 ] (700 ppm), temperature (+5 • C) and [O 3 ] (+40 ppb). Especially the multifactor treatments are relevant for predictions of the future production, as they mimic the multidimensional environmental changes that are expected within this century. All treatments were given the same amount of water, which mimicked future limited water availability e.g. in treatments with elevated temperature.
Acta Horticulturae, 2015
The development of fully enclosed plant factories enables more precise control of light (quantity, quality and duration), temperature and carbon dioxide levels. Using light emitting diodes (LEDs) within the photosynthetically active range (PAR) it is possible to "eliminate" direct radiation heating from infra-red source. In our studies we used predominantly red (80%) and blue (20%) radiation as the photosynthetic light source. Seed of lettuce and cabbage was sown in foam after 3 days of imbibition at a constant temperature of 20°C, were placed in controlled climate facilities with the following conditions; temperatures: either 20, or 25 or 30°C. PAR level: 115, 240, 480 µmol m-2 s-1. The photoperiod was 23 h, in order to minimize the time required for each experiment, but still provide a "dark period". Destructive plant samples were taken at intervals (a total of 5 harvest dates from each treatment), and regression lines fitted using plant growth analysis. From these data we calculated the relative growth rates of the seedlings. Thus it was possible to estimate the relationships between plant growth rate, PAR, temperature and CO 2 levels economically, efficiently and rapidly. In our study the optimum temperature was 25°C, increasing CO 2 concentration significantly increased dry matter accumulation up to 1000 ppm. Neither cabbage nor lettuce seedlings appeared to be light saturated up to 480 µmol m-2 s-1 .
Environmental Pollution, 2003
Heat stress constitutes a major threat to crop production, and according to climatic projections, night temperatures are expected to increase faster and to a greater extent compared to day temperatures. While extensive research has been dedicated to the effects of higher than optimum day temperatures on cotton physiology, metabolism, and yield, and while heat-tolerant cotton cultivars have been introduced, the responses of such heat-tolerant cultivars to high night temperatures have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of heat-tolerant cultivars to high night temperatures stress by monitoring the physiological and biochemical responses of two cotton cultivars, differing in thermotolerance, subjected to higher than optimum night temperatures, during anthesis. To that end, growth chamber experiments were conducted using two cotton cultivars differing in thermotolerance, namely ST5288B2RF (thermosensitive) and VH260 (thermotolerant). Treatments consisted of normal day/night temperatures (32/24 • C) and high night temperatures (32/30 • C) for 2 weeks at flowering (approximately 8 eight weeks after planting). The results indicated that VH260 was more thermotolerant than ST5288 even under conditions of high night temperature stress, as it managed to maintain its net photosynthetic rates, cell membrane integrity, as well as pistil carbohydrate contents and ultimately achieved higher total reproductive weight. It was concluded that heat tolerance of thermotolerant cultivars selected under conditions of high day temperatures is also conserved under high night temperatures, while net photosynthetic rates and cell membrane integrity can be utilized as selection traits for heat tolerance under either high day or night temperatures.
Biologia Plantarum, 2007
The effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on the changes in the biomass, photosynthesis and nutrient composition was investigated in two leafy vegetables. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plants were grown in open top chambers under either ambient (ACO 2 , 350 ± 50 µmol mol -1 ) or elevated (ECO 2 , 600 ± 50 µmol mol -1 ) CO 2 concentration and analyzed 40, 60 and 80 days after exposure. The plants grown in ECO 2 had higher net photosynthetic rate and lower stomatal conductance when compared with the plants grown in ACO 2 . ECO 2 also changed the nutrient composition: a lower N, Mg and Fe contents and higher C and Ca contents were observed in the leaves of plants exposed to ECO 2 than in those grown at ACO 2 .