3D Models in archaeological excavations (original) (raw)
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The application of 3D digital technologies in the archaeological research expands more and more during the last decades. 3D recording, visualisation, representation and reconstruction of archaeological sites, monuments and artefacts become almost a common trend in the archaeological work. Moreover, CAD reconstructions , 3D simulation, computer animation and other uses of computer systems change the traditional work-flow. The archaeological experience, though, recognizes these tools more for the general public in order to offer a visualisation of the target object than as a mechanism that can offer new possibilities for the research itself. The focus of this article is to explore the opportunities given to the research field of archaeology by 3D technologies. Specifically the article will look into technologies regarding the 3D recording, processing, visualisa-tion and representation of archaeological data. Through the use of specific case studies we will investigate how applications can contribute to the understanding first and the interpretation later on of a certain archaeological object. Issues such as the types of questions and problems that can be faced and answered with these 3D technologies will be raised and discussed. The possibility to get an expansion of the archaeological research in new aspects, as it happens with other technological tools (e.g. databases), will be also examined. In addition to these, the disadvantages and limitations of the application of these 3D technologies in the archaeological field will be also looked at, in order to accomplish a more complete view of its usage.
The project "3D-Digging at Çatalhöyük" started in 2009 as an on-site digital experiment to record every phase of an archaeological excavation in 3D, using different technologies such as laser scanning, computer vision, and photogrammetry. The end goal was to make the excavation process virtually reversible in a simulated environment from laptop computers to virtual immersive systems. In addition, the project has introduced 3D stereo visualization systems on-site for real-time analysis and with the advent of tablet PCs, all documentation switched to a completely digital format. The use of 3D technologies for teaching and research as well as the post-processing and implementation of data generate a new digital workflow for archaeological interpretation.
2015
The application of 3D digital technologies in the archaeological research expands more and more during the last decades. 3D recording, visualisation, representation and reconstruction of archaeological sites, monuments and artefacts become almost a common trend in the archaeological work. Moreover, CAD reconstructions, 3D simulation, computer animation and other uses of computer systems change the traditional workflow. The archaeological experience, though, recognizes these tools more for the general public in order to offer a visualisation of the target object than as a mechanism that can offer new possibilities for the research itself. The focus of this article is to explore the opportunities given to the research field of archaeology by 3D technologies. Specifically the article will look into technologies regarding the 3D recording, processing, visualisation and representation of archaeological data. Through the use of specific case studies we will investigate how applications ca...
GROMA Documenting Archaeology, 2020
Over the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the fusion of the humanities and the hard sciences. The continuous experimentation and contamination between these two disciplines has led to the emergence of new horizons of research and open to perspectives and issues previously unthinkable. Finally, it has started the development of specific technologies for the cultural domain. Among these technologies, virtual archaeology, which we could define as the set of processes of acquisition, analysis and interpretation aimed at visualizing and simulating the past using 3D digital technologies and a theoretical and multidisciplinary scientific approach, has now reached its maturity. In this contribution the potentials in using 3D modelling as a tool of investigation and visualization for a deeper understanding of archaeological sites is presented. The discussion is supported by the case study of the roman villa of Aiano, built at the beginning of the 4th century A.D. and characterized by monumental architecture and decorations.
3D Modeling in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage: Theory and Best Practices
Fabio Remondino, Stefano Campana
Contents INTRODUCTION M. Santana Quintero 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOMATIC NEEDS 1.1 3D modeling in archaeology and cultural heritage – Theory and best practice S. Campana 1.2 Geomatic and cultural heritage F. Remondino 1.3 3D modelling and shape analysis in archaeology J.A. Barceló 2 LASER/LIDAR 2.1 Airborne laser scanning for archaeological prospection R. Bennet 2.2 Terrestrial optical active sensors – theory & applications G. Guidi 3 PHTOGRAMMETRY 3.1 Photogrammetry: theory F. Remondino 3.2 UAV: Platforms, regulations, data acquisition and processing F. Remondino 4 REMOTE SENSING 4.1 Exploring archaeological landscapes with satellite imagery N. Galiatzatos 5 GIS 5.1 2D GIS vs. 3D GIS theory G. Agugiaro 6 VIRTUAL REALITY & CYBERARCHAEOLOGY 6.1 Virtual reality, cyberarchaeology, teleimmersive archaeology M. Forte 6.2 Virtual reality & cyberarchaeology – virtual museums S. Pescarin 7 CASE STUDIES 7.1 3D Data Capture, Restoration and Online Publication of Sculpture B. Frischer 7.2 3D GIS for Cultural Heritage sites: The QueryArch3D prototype G. Agugiaro & F. Remondino 7.3 The Use of 3D Models for Intra-Site Investigation in Archaeology N. Dell’Unto
From classical to 3D archaeology
Annales d'Université "Valahia" Târgovişte. Section d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, 2011
This paper aims to mark some of the possible applications of the engineering CAD software in the field of archeology. The archaeological information, which is usually stored in classical format, can be digitized in 3D by using CAD software. The result of this process can be used for multiple purposes: conservation, dissemination, research, etc.
3D Models as Vehicles for Archaeological Research: Stratigraphy, Emplacement and Construction
Eblaitica, 2016
and Construction. 3D architectural models are becoming increasingly prevalent in archaeological research, and serve a variety of scholarly needs. They can be placed into two different categories: those models which are ends-in-themselves and those models which are vehicles for further research. Those models which are ends-in-themselves are the conclusion of a research project; examples include a reconstruction of an ancient building, or the placing of the volume of a structure within the urban landscape. These are the majority of models which are seen today -to a large extent because it is exactly that communication which is the goal of many of these models; others use the visual aspect to consider light, perception or visibility. 1 These models are of great use to archaeologists, and have become a fundamental tool in our field.
In recent years the importance of computer technology used in archaeological surveys has rapidly increased. Today there are numerous ways of “digital” support for the work of an archaeologist. Virtual 3D reconstruction is one of these methods. Although there are a lot of undisputed benefits of such digital work also dangers connected to this development exist. Due to the fact that it is pretty easy to rebuild objects virtually without much effort even people and companies with no primarily scientific approach or archaeological background are working on reconstructions. But to a major part every model is based on compromises and assumptions which need to be permanently reviewed by experts. This is necessary because 3D reconstructions mainly aim to look extremely realistic. So these models can be easily misunderstood as „resurrected reality”. Therefore there should be certain obligations to build the models on a scientific basement as well as to state that what is shown is only one out of numerous possible interpretations of the project’s “historic look”. But beside the criticism some of the benefits which arise out of an interdisciplinary synergy between artists and scientists should be mentioned as well. Foremost, working on 3D models gives us the chance to try out different ways of interpretation without doing any harm to the original. New or renewed results could be implemented with a few mouse-clicks and mistakes could be easily erased. So there is a high significance of well converted digital 3D modeling for archaeological research and its demand to find, survey and preserve historic structures for our future.
History of science and technology
The restoration and conservation of monuments and archaeological sites is a delicate operation. It requires fidelity, delicacy, precision and archaeological authenticity. The aim is to reveal, recreate as accurately as possible the characteristics of an archaeological site or part of it. Research during the last two decades has proved that 3D modeling, or the digital documentation and visualization of archaeological objects in 3D, is valuable for archaeological research. As well, as for conservation and presentation to a wide audience, as it allows the creation of realistic and accurate digital copies of archaeological objects. In the past, 3D modeling technologies were prohibitively expensive and too technologically specialized to be integrated into most historical heritage projects. However, advancements in computing and digital photography over the past decade have resulted in several low-cost, user-friendly options for 3D modeling, using photogrammetry. The latter has been used ...