molecules Extraction of Volatile Oil from Aromatic Plants with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Experiments and Modeling (original) (raw)
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Molecules, 2012
An overview of the studies carried out in our laboratories on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of volatile oils from seven aromatic plants: pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), savory (Satureja fruticosa Béguinot), winter savory (Satureja montana L.), cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparisus) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris), is presented. A flow apparatus with a 1 L extractor and two 0.27 L separators was built to perform studies at temperatures ranging from 298 to 353 K and pressures up to 30.0 MPa. The best compromise between yield and composition compared with hydrodistillation (HD) was achieved selecting the optimum experimental conditions of extraction and fractionation. The major differences between HD and SFE oils is the presence of a small percentage of cuticular waxes and the relative amount of thymoquinone, an oxygenated monoterpene with important biological OPEN ACCESS Molecules 2012, 17 10551
2012
An overview of the studies carried out in our laboratories on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of volatile oils from seven aromatic plants: pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), savory (Satureja fruticosa Béguinot), winter savory (Satureja montana L.), cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparisus) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris), is presented. A flow apparatus with a 1 L extractor and two 0.27 L separators was built to perform studies at temperatures ranging from 298 to 353 K and pressures up to 30.0 MPa. The best compromise between yield and composition compared with hydrodistillation (HD) was achieved selecting the optimum experimental conditions of extraction and fractionation. The major differences between HD and SFE oils is the presence of a small percentage of cuticular waxes and the relative amount of thymoquinone, an oxygenated monoterpene with important biological
Mathematical modelling of supercritical CO2 extraction of volatile oils from aromatic plants
Chemical Engineering Science, 2010
The modelling of the experimental data of the extraction of the volatile oil from six aromatic plants (coriander, fennel, savoury, winter savoury, cotton lavender and thyme) was performed using five mathematical models, based on differential mass balances. In all cases the extraction was internal diffusion controlled and the internal mass transfer coefficient (k s ) have been found to change with pressure, temperature and particle size. For fennel, savoury and cotton lavender, the external mass transfer and the equilibrium phase also influenced the second extraction period, since k s changed with the tested flow rates.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oils:: Modeling and simulation
Chemical engineering science, 1998
In this study, the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oils from plants which contain secretory ducts as essential oil reservoirs was investigated and modelled. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oils from Asteraceae family species, marigold and chamomile, indicated that particle size had no significant influence on the extraction rate in two outermost cases: fine milled plant material and plant material cut to particle length of 5 mm. This confirmed previously reported phenomenon that in some cases particle size had no influence on the rate of supercritical extraction process. In order to explain this behavior, the mathematical model which took into consideration the phenomena occurring on the secretory duct scale, was developed and applied to simulate experimental data of marigold and chamomile supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Proposed model was also applied to the literature experimental data of fennel fruit supercritical fluid extraction where the same phenomenon had been observed. To obtain information regarding secretory structure, scanning electron microscopy investigation of the plant material was performed. Very good agreement of the model results and experimental data in the case of different plant species, extraction conditions and particle sizes, confirmed the basic hypothesis of the model.
Isolation of essential oil from different plants and herbs by supercritical fluid extraction
Journal of Chromatography A, 2012
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an innovative, clean and environmental friendly technology with particular interest for the extraction of essential oil from plants and herbs. Supercritical CO 2 is selective, there is no associated waste treatment of a toxic solvent, and extraction times are moderate. Further supercritical extracts were often recognized of superior quality when compared with those produced by hydro-distillation or liquid-solid extraction. This review provides a comprehensive and updated discussion of the developments and applications of SFE in the isolation of essential oils from plant matrices. SFE is normally performed with pure CO 2 or using a cosolvent; fractionation of the extract is commonly accomplished in order to isolate the volatile oil compounds from other co-extracted substances. In this review the effect of pressure, temperature and cosolvent on the extraction and fractionation procedure is discussed. Additionally, a comparison of the extraction yield and composition of the essential oil of several plants and herbs from Lamiaceae family, namely oregano, sage, thyme, rosemary, basil, marjoram and marigold, which were produced in our supercritical pilot-plant device, is presented and discussed.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction ofFoeniculum vulgare volatile oil
Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2003
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO 2 of the volatile oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum (Ucria) Coutinho) was carried out at temperatures of 40 and 50°C and pressures of 90 and 100 bar in a flow apparatus using a two-stage fractional separation technique. The best conditions for extraction (pressure P = 90 bar, and temperature, T = 40°C) and separation (P = 80 bar, T = −10°C for the first separator and P = 20 bar, T = −10°C for the second) were used to assess the effect of different mean particle size and flow rate of CO 2 . The yield of the extraction and composition of the volatile oil were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation. The study showed that the particle size of the fruits does not practically affect either the yield or the composition of the oil, with the exception of the presence of a small amount of waxes in the volatile oil extracted by SFE from the fruits presenting the highest particle size. Further, increasing of the flow rate of CO 2 does not seem to influence the composition, although it increases the rate of extraction, thus leading to a decrease of the extraction time. The fennel oil was analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main compounds identified in the oils were fenchone (17%), estragol (21%) and (E)-anethole (43%).
Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Fractionation of Lavender Essential Oil and Waxes
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1995
Supercritical COz extraction of essential oil from lavender was performed on a laboratory apparatus as well as in a pilot plant. A two-stage separation procedure was used to induce the fractional separation of the extracts. Detailed GC-MS analysis of the products was performed to assess the best extraction and the best separation conditions. The lavender oil produced by supercritical extraction was compared to the oil obtained by hydrodistillation. The major difference between the two products was reflected in the linalyl acetate content. This compound was found to be 34.7% of the oil produced by supercritical fluid extraction and 12.1% of the hydrodistilled product. This difference can be ascribed to the hydrolysis of part of this compound during hydrodistillation. The oil yield of the extraction process was measured at various extraction lengths. It was modeled using a simple mathematical model.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 1989
Pepper (Piper nigrum L) volatile oil was extracted with supercritical fluid carbon dioxide at pressures of 8 and 10 MPa and at two different temperatures, 40°C and 60°C. The mass transfer rates are presented at different supercritical conditions of extraction, together with the fractionation effect that was observed. The volatile oil obtained was analysed for its physical constants: specific gravity, refractive index and optical rotation. The samples were fractionated by column chromatography, and both the samples and fractions were subjected to TLC, gas chromatography and sensory analysis. It was observed that pepper oil obtained with supercritical fluid carbon dioxide at 10 MPa and 60°C was superior to steam-distilled oil.