Russia's role in this year's presidential election, explained by a media historian - Vox.pdf (original) (raw)
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How Social Media Stole an Election: An Examination of the Bilateral Assault on the Democratic System
Social media, the content published on it, and the access it provides to voter populations, can have the power to influence the outcome of an election. This paper will attempt to elucidate the manner in which the American democratic system came under assault. This assault came from two angles, both of which relied on social media: Russia and the Trump campaign. The paper will be divided into two parts. For part one, it is necessary to outline the concept of Russian Information Warfare, and contrast it with the Western conceptualization, in order to identify the security gap in Western thought and strategy, which left it vulnerable to interference. This will be followed by an examination of Russia’s use of social media to implement their Information Warfare strategy during the 2016 US Presidential election. The second part of this paper will take a closer look at the behavior of and methods employed by the Trump campaign during the election. It is necessary to consider Donald Trump’s role, complicit or otherwise, in propagating Russia’s ‘active measures’ (defined below) on social media. It is also imperative to scrutinize the campaign’s use of “election management” company, Cambridge Analytica, whose exploitation of social media enables political messaging to penetrate with unprecedented precision. It emerges that both Russia and the Trump campaign harnessed social media to influence or manipulate public opinion, and arguably steal an election.
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, American citizens and citizens of the world have faced a startling new situation. On that day, the United States, the longest continuous representative democracy in the modern world, elected to a four-year term as president the authoritarian-minded Donald J. Trump. A man having little or no knowledge of, experience in, or appreciation for representative government and having no stated adherence to the system of alliances the United States forged to make it " the leader of the free world, " Trump promised to upend U.S. domestic and foreign policy and reshape the international order. He has done so. Put together with the decade-long rise and strengthening of dictatorial leadership and nationalist and chauvinist parties in a number of countries, Trump's election has brought about a broadly acknowledged crisis of world democracy. Given its position and role in the world, the United States is now center stage in that crisis. One of the most troublesome aspects of the election was that the rules of the U.S. Constitution awarded Trump victory based on the preference of a minority of voters using an antique and unique electoral college system that overrode a substantial national vote margin in favor of the election's loser. Notwithstanding Hillary Clinton's supposed unpopularity, the Democratic Party candidate won 2.85 million more votes in the national ballot, 48 percent to 46 percent, while Trump's electoral college victory was determined in three decisive states by a total of 77,000 votes (out of 13.4 million). Putting aside that the results were influenced by foreign intervention (see below), the election itself should be a cause of serious concern at the state of American democracy. For the second time in recent U.S. history, a national minority government has been imposed on the majority. No other democracy elects national leadership in such a manner. Yet, there is little discussion of addressing this structural weakness in the political system. 1 The more disturbing aspect is that the person who gained power according to these constitutional rules won the election through demagogy, propaganda, and populist appeals — what Alexander Hamilton called " low intrigue and the little arts of publicity. " Those appeals formed an entire authoritarian platform: mass detention and deportation of millions of unauthorized immigrants; building an impenetrable 2,000-mile border-wall; imposing a ban on Muslims entering the country; nationwide stop and frisk policing to impose " law and order " ; ordering the use of torture to combat foreign terrorism; imperialist seizure of oil resources of sovereign countries; and the imprisonment of Trump's election opponent upon victory; among many such election campaign promises.
Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online, 2019
Fake news-false information passed off as factual-is an effective weapon in the information age. For instance, the Russian government perfected techniques used in its 2007 Estonian and 2008 Georgian cyber campaigns to support Donald Trump's successful candidacy in the 2016 United States presidential election. In this chapter, the authors examine fake news and Russia's cyberwarfare efforts across time as case studies of information warfare. The chapter identifies key terms and reviews extant political science and psychological research related to obtaining an understanding of psychological cyber warfare ("psywar") through the proliferation of fake news. Specifically, the authors suggest that there are social, contextual, and individual factors that contribute to the spread and influence of fake news and review these factors in this chapter.
the United States of America?; Two, is the United States of
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ENERGY TRUMP/ No TRUMP CARD OF THE PRESIDENT TRUMP
With his fueled triumphant energy Preface The victorious election results of Trump perceived as a " surprise " on the basis of the mainstream media covering the news, debates, global wide protests, gestures of activists elaborated with hesitations and stimulated questions pertaining to his approaching policies and their expected and speculated throughputs on January 2017 onwards. Despite all after-shock screams and the news flash in such way. The World Leaders congratulate his victory by biting their tongues in the name of the respect to democracy. Obviously, the strategic management of the US energy portfolio through the orchestration of Trump's doctrines presumably will have worldwide economic, technologic, environmental, and foreign policy impacts. " The sophisticated energy landscape evolving over the next 4 (or 8) years with the President and with his strategies shall serve to live a safer, less polarized, more productive and more prosperous world by preserving the natural resources of our planet or not " , one of the major tactical and humanistic quarrelling issue in this regard. In order to highlight the envisioned subject, dash to the edges and pinpointing the visions, Paris Agreement, country / countries policies and Trump's own views and opinions (before and after the Election including his campaign views, speeches) that some disregard the globally recognized and adapted energy priorities that entails to be contemplated and reiterated in this connotation seems essential. The echoed study here can be deemed as a short examination and Zoom in/out Turkey in this regard, will be indivisible part of the analysis.