Chemical Constituents of Agarwood Originating from the Endemic Genus Aquilaria Plants (original) (raw)
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New sesquiterpene from Vietnamese agarwood
Agarwood, one of the valuable non-timber products in tropical forest, is a fragrant wood, whose ethereal fragrance has been prized in Asia for incense in ceremony, as well as sedatives in traditional medicine. We separated the 70% EtOH extract of Vietnamese agarwood, which showed significant induction effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in rat cultured neuronal cells, to isolate a new compound and a 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivative. The new compound was determined to be a spirovetivane-type sesquiterpene, (4R,5R,7R)-1(10)-spirovetiven-11-ol-2-one, by spectroscopic data and showed induction effect of BDNF mRNA.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2016
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Aquilaria spp. (agarwood) has been a part of Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries. Agarwood has also been used as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asian countries, Bangladesh and Tibet. Its common uses include the treatment of joint pain, inflammatory-related ailments, and diarrhoea, as well as a stimulant, sedative and cardioprotective agent. In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of the phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal use, pharmacological activities and safety of plant materials from Aquilaria spp. as an evidence base to further appraise its potential use as a source of health beneficial compounds. Materials and methods: Literature abstracts and full text articles from journals, books, reports and electronic searches (Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, Read Cube, Scopus, Springer, and Web of Science), as well as from other relevant websites, are surveyed, analysed and included in this review. Results: A literature survey of agarwood plant materials showed that they contain sesquiterpenes, 2(-2phenylethyl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives, genkwanins, mangiferins, iriflophenones, cucurbitacins, terpenoids and phenolic acids. The crude extracts and some of the isolated compounds exhibit antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-ischemic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, laxative, and mosquitocidal properties and effects on the central nervous system. Agarwood plant materials are considered to be safe based on the doses tested. However, the toxicity and safety of the materials, including the smoke from agarwood incense burning, should be further investigated. Future research should be directed towards the bio-guided isolation of bioactive compounds with proper chemical characterisation and investigations of the underlying mechanisms towards drug discovery. Conclusions: The traditional medicinal use of agarwood plant materials has provided clues to their pharmacological properties. Indeed, agarwood contains a plethora of bioactive compounds that now Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
A review of chemistry, quality and analysis of infected agarwood tree (Aquilaria sp.)
Phytochemistry Reviews
Agarwood is a valuable oleoresin obtained from wounded tree of various genus of Thymelaeaceae family especially from Aquilaria species. Agarwood is regarded as most treasured non-timber forest product used in fragrances as well as medicines. Quality of agarwood plays an important role to define its commercial value. Different countries use different grading pattern to define the quality of agarwood. More than 250 compounds have been identified so far, mostly sesquiterpenoids, chromones and volatile aromatic compounds. GC-MS is the considered as a best method for the identification of chemical profile of the agarwood by various authors. Present review discusses the various methods used to determine quality of agarwood and chemical constituents of infected agarwood tree.
IIUM Engineering Journal, 2014
Agarwood oil is a highly prized type of oil due to its unique aroma. The oil is extracted from the fragrant resin found in the agarwood tree (trunk). The unique aroma and quality of agarwood resin and oil are contributed by the presence of certain chemical compounds. In this work, analysis and comparison of the chemical compounds of agarwood oil from A. malaccensis, A. sub-integra and a mixture of both were conducted. The essential oils were diluted in hexane (5%) prior to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis performed using Agilent GCMS 7890A coupled with MSD quadrupole detector 5975 C. Separation of analytes by gas chromatography was carried out using a Hewlett Packard HP-5MS silica capillary column (30 m X 0.25 mm X 0.25 mm). A total of 107 compounds were identified from the three samples of agarwood oils. Fifty-five (55) components were identified in A. malaccensis sample which contributes to the largest portion of the total compounds. About 20% of the compounds identified were aromatic and sesquiterpenes, which have been revealed to be the main active compounds of agarwood oils which also give the aroma and pleasant odour of agarwood. Different compositions or profile of chemical components were found in agarwood oils from the two different species. Two compounds were commonly identified in all three samples, namely 3-phenyl-2-butanone and alpha-cubebene. Further studies are needed to refine the results which later can be used to assist detection and authentication of agarwood as well as its scientific-based grading.
Statistical analysis of agarwood oil chemical compound exists in four species of Aquilaria
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS), 2024
Aquilaria, renowned for its agarwood, and valued for its aromatic wood and rich resin, finds use in cosmetics, fragrances, incense, and medicine. Identifying the agarwood-producing species among 21 species of Aquilaria is challenging. This study analyzes chemical compounds in agarwood oil from 4 Aquilaria species: Aquilaria beccariana, Aquilaria crassna, Aquilaria malaccensis, and Aquilaria subintegra using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Statistical analysis explores compound abundance, employing methods like mean and Z-score tests. This analysis summarizes those 14 compounds that are consistently present based on zero and non-zero observations, and the Z-score test highlights five chemical compounds, with three compounds appearing in both analyses. These compounds can serve as a reference for future studies on Aquilaria species and agarwood oil, enhancing classification efforts.
Extraction and identification of bioactive compounds from agarwood leaves
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016
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Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. and Gyrinops walla Gaertn. are large evergreen trees (Family Thymelaeaceae). A. malaccensis produces resin called agarwood that has a high economic value in perfumery industry. G. walla also produces a resin similar to agarwood. Thus, screening of phytochemicals present in A. malaccensis and G. walla would be important. Stem samples of test species were collected and air dried. After that they were size reduced and phytochemicals were extracted using soxhlet extractor with two different solvents. Extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator and concentrated samples were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Obtained chromatograms were used to identify and compare the phytochemical constituents. Dichloromethane found to be better solvent than acetone to extract phytochemicals. Phytochemical composition of A. malaccensis and G. walla are not similar even though they share some phytochemicals in common. Major compounds that are responsible for the fragrance of agarwood are absent in both stem samples when collected in immature stages. This study could be extended to further optimize phytochemical extraction procedure, screening protocol and GC-MS programme.
Molecules, 2011
The composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils which were obtained from agarwood originated from Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg stimulated by the chemical method (S1) were characterized, taking wild agarwood (S2) and healthy trees (S3) respectively as the positive and negative controls. The chemical composition of S1 was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil of S1 showed a similar composition to that of S2, being rich in sesquiterpenes and aromatic constituents. However, the essential oil of S3 was abundant in fatty acids and alkanes. Essential oils of S1 and S2 had better inhibition activities towards Bacillus subtilis and Staphyloccus aureus, compared with essential oil of S3. Escherichia coli was not sensitive to any of them.