THERAPEUTICAL MANAGEMENT OF TETANUS IN KUNDHI BUFFALO CALF AT HYDERABAD, SINDH (original) (raw)
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Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Tetanus in Female Buffalo Calf at Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
A female buffalo calf with wound on left leg just below the knee joint suffering from high and persistent fever, anorexia, difficult mastication and urination, stiffness in neck muscle and with some degree of bloat was brought to department of veterinary medicine faculty of animal husbandry and veterinary sciences, Sindh agriculture university, Tandojam, Pakistan, and admitted. The calf was diagnosed to be suffering from tetanus based on clear cut symptoms of high fever, stiff muscles, urine retention and fixed jaws. The Graham's staining of the fresh smear revealed gram+ve rod shape bacteria that appeared like drumsticks. Furthermore, the Clostridium tetani was cultured and isolated from the deep necrotic tissue of the wound. The calf was treated with high doses of procaine penicillin, anti-tetanus serum, sedative, meloxicam and intravenous fluid electrolyte therapy (Dextrose 5%). The calf was feed through stomach tube and the urinary catheter was administered to ease out the problem of urine retention. After continues therapeutics management, the calf recovered in two weeks.
Tetanus is a bacterial environmental disease with neurological condition that affects both people and animals, causing spastic paralysis. The disease is prevalent in many countries of the world including India and Ethiopia. Neonatal tetanus is a killer disease that carries high mortality. It affects the people of active age. Source of infection is exogenous as soil and dust serve as a natural habitat of the bacterium. Agricultural workers are at special risk of acquiring the infection because of their contact with soil. The gram-positive, sporulating bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is soil-borne and environmental, produces the toxin that causes tetanus. The majority of the times, the soil contaminated by Clostridium tetani spores causes wound contamination, which produces the disease. Tetanus toxin can harm humans, horses, and sheep, but it can also cause injury to cattle, dogs, and cats. The cost and availability of high-quality protein for human consumption are directly impacted by illnesses that compromise the well-being and productivity of food animals. Diseases contribute to economic losses by diminishing meat, milk, or feed conversion, slowing weight gain, and lengthening the period an animal to stay on the farm before being marketed, in addition to the costs associated with treating sick animals and their deaths. Currently, there is no specific laboratory test available to unequivocally establish the diagnosis of tetanus. However, clinical symptoms, case history, wound presence, and disease development are typically used to make the diagnosis of tetanus in animals. It is frequently challenging to identify Clostridium tetani at the wound site. A formaldehyde-inactivated tetanus toxin vaccination is a method of medical prevention. For tetanus, there is not an effective medication for treatment of disease in animals. Active immunization with tetanus toxoid is considered the best preventive method in humans. Severe complications of disease can be life-threatening. This review focuses on pathogenesis, diagnosis, economic importance, and control of tetanus in animals and humans.
Clinical findings and response to treatment of 17 cases of tetanus in horses (2012 2021)
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Tetanus is a distressing and often fatal disease caused by exotoxins released by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Clostridium tetani is a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and domestic animals, and its spores are highly resistant to environmental changes, acid, and alkali and may persist in the soil for many years. The disease is characterized by generalized muscular rigidity and spasms, hyperesthesia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and death. Horses are the most susceptible domestic animals. Treatment is typically directed towards elimination of the source of the toxin, neutralization of any unbound toxin, establishment of antitoxin immunity, control of neuromuscular derangements, and relief of pain. This study described the clinical findings and therapeutic protocols of 17 horses with tetanus, treated between March 2012 and December 2021. The diagnosis of tetanus was based on the history and clinical examination findings of the animals. All horses received a treatment pattern composed of the administration of tetanus serum (50,000 UI, intravenously, followed by three injections of the same dose at 48-h intervals), procaine penicillin (25,000 UI kg, intramuscularly, BID, for 10 days), and muscle relaxant (acepromazine 0.02-0.05 mg/kg, intramuscularly, BID, for 8 days). Support therapy based on hydroelectrolytic replacements, feeding via a nasogastric tube, and assistance in the maintenance of the quadrupedal position were performed when needed. The mortality rate observed in this report was 23.52%. Early diagnosis associated with the instituted treatment contributed the most to the animal recovery.
Diagnosis and treatment of umbilical cord-derived tetanus in neonatal calves
TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES
In this study, umbilical cord-derived neonatal tetanus in calves was identified in Turkey. Four calves with tetanus-specific history and clinical findings were used. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment, and clinical findings were recorded. A tetanus-specific treatment procedure was performed. However, the calves died from not responding to treatment. Pretreatment white blood cell, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined to be high. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, CK, and LDH activities were found to increase after treatment compared to before treatment. Gram-positive terminal spore-forming bacilli were observed in bacterioscopic examination of the necrotic tissue and swab samples from the umbilical cord region. The umbilical cord region was determined to be infected in all calves. In histopathological examination, pyogranuloma formation was observed in the wound area, and in Gram staining agents morphologically concordant with Clostridium tetani in necrotic material were observed. Blood serum of the calves was inoculated into mice. All mice died within 2 days after the inoculation, showing tetanus-specific clinical findings. As a result, bacterioscopy and histopathology of the umbilical cord region may be useful for diagnosis in addition to clinical findings. Mice trials may be used in confirming the diagnosis.
Tetanus in a male mix breed horse from Jataí Municipality, Goiás: Case report
Research, Society and Development, 2020
Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by the toxin of Clostridium tetani, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that affect domestic animals and humans. On February 17, 2019, veterinary medical care was requested at a property located in the city of Jataí, Goiás to attend the case of an undefined breed male horse of approximately 15 years of age, chestnut hair, weighing 400 kg. During the consultation, the main complaint was lameness and prolapse of third eyelid. At the clinical examination, the animal showed spasticity, rigid walking, distant hind limbs, third eyelid prolapse, hyperesthesia, extended neck, tail away from the body, mild dyspnea, intense sweating, distended nostrils and erect and immobile ears. Based on the physical examination of the animal, as well as the clinical signs presented, the final diagnosis of tetanus was established and therefore, the treatment was immediately instituted with intravenous anti-tetanus serum and antibiotic therapy. Hence, this paper aims t...
Isolation and Antibiogram of Clostridium tetani from Clinically Diagnosed Tetanus Patients
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2015
Clostridium tetani, the etiologic agent of tetanus, produces a toxin that causes spastic paralysis in humans and other vertebrates. This study was aimed for isolation, identification, and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of C. tetani from clinically diagnosed tetanus patients. Isolation was done from deep-punctured tissues of the foot and arm injuries of 80 clinically diagnosed tetanus patients from the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences hospital. We successfully screened out five C. tetani isolates out of 80 samples based on the strain-specific characteristics confirmed through biochemical testing and toxin production. A disc diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibilities and C. tetani isolates showed susceptibility to cefoperazone, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, penicillin G, and tetracycline, but were found to be resistant to erythromycin and ofloxacin. During animal testing, all the infected mice developed symptoms of tetanus. The results showed t...
Tetanus – A Review Of Current Concepts In Management
Benin Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 2009
Tetanus is a vaccinepreventable disease that yearly causes a total of 309,000 deaths. Reports showed up to 1 million cases annually, mostly in underdeveloped countries. Clostridium tetani, the causative organism, is widespread in the faeces of domestic animals and humans, while spores of C. tetani are abundant in soil and in the environment surrounding the habitation of humans and animals. In developing countries, mortality rates are as high as 28 per 100,000; in North America the rate is less than 0.1 per 100,000. Immunization programs clearly decreased neonatal tetanus deaths, and some recent evidence suggests progress in prevention throughout the World. Tetanus remains a great public health problem in developing countries such as Nigeria and it is associated with high mortality, but the understanding of the epidemiological aspects of this disease forms the basis of preventive strategies in any community. This paper reviewed the history, epidemiology and clinical diagnosis of tetanus and emphasized the current opinions in the management of tetanus outlining the various suggested treatment plans from experts in developing countries which form the basis for World Health Organization recommendations.
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2014
Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of Tetanus. The aim was to detect the presence of Clostridium tetani in a case of suspected Tetanus in a 40 year old male who had history of handling a a thorn injury in the agricultural field 15 days ago. The patient presented with spasm of all the limb muscles and Lockjaw of 2 days duration together with history of convulsions for the last 3 days. Bits of tissue were collected from the necrotic depth of the wound abscess and were analyzed. Clostridium tetani was isolated. A diagnosis of Tetanus was made and the concerned authority was immediately notified. The patient was successfully treated with complete recovery. An early diagnosis of TETANUS is significant because it can help the clinician in early management and prevention of development of terminal respiratory failure and death.
2009
Clostridium tetani is the etiologic agent of the muscle-spasming disease tetanus. Despite an effective vaccine, tetanus is an ongoing problem in some developing countries. Diagnosis by bacterial culture is not done because it is generally unnecessary and the entry of route of the bacteria can be inapparent. We attempted to isolate and evaluate C. tetani from the wounds of 84 patients with tetanus. We effectively isolated C. tetani from 45 patients. All strains tested positive by polymerase chain reaction for the gene encoding tetanus neurotoxin. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by disc diffusion and E-test. All C. tetani isolates were susceptible to penicillin and metronidazole but resistant to cotrimoxazole. Despite treatment with high doses of penicillin, C. tetani was isolated after 16 days of intravenous penicillin in two cases. These data show that the intravenous route for penicillin may be inadequate for clearing the infection and emphasizes wound debridement in the treatment of tetanus.