Diagnosis and treatment of umbilical cord-derived tetanus in neonatal calves (original) (raw)
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Bovine neonatal tetanus: A case report
2013
Tetanus is a fairly common disease occurring in all types of livestock. It is relatively rare in buffalo, but due to unhygienic practice following parturition, the umbilicus or the navel easily gets infected through contamination of soil or faeces and buffalo calves can get tetanus. A case report of neonatal tetanus in buffalo with typical clinical signs is described in the present study.
THERAPEUTICAL MANAGEMENT OF TETANUS IN KUNDHI BUFFALO CALF AT HYDERABAD, SINDH
The study was going to evaluate the therapeutic management of kundhi buffalo calf suffering from tetanus in Sindh (Pakistan). It was caused by a specific neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani in necrotic tissue. Tetanus was diagnosed in Kundhi buffalo calf on the basis of their clinical signs, high temperature, contracting of whole body muscles and arduousness of hind legs that is developed into the whole body of an animal. Positive rods shaped Clostridium tetani were present in the blood of the diseased animal. Treatment was recommended with anti-tetanus serum, Penicillin G Procaine, Meloxicam, Chlorpromazine, Dexamethasone and Dextrose 5%. Feeding to the calf through the stomach tube and the urinary catheter was administered to ease out the problem of urine retention. After treatment for 10 days animal complete recover to the healthy condition.
Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Tetanus in Female Buffalo Calf at Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
A female buffalo calf with wound on left leg just below the knee joint suffering from high and persistent fever, anorexia, difficult mastication and urination, stiffness in neck muscle and with some degree of bloat was brought to department of veterinary medicine faculty of animal husbandry and veterinary sciences, Sindh agriculture university, Tandojam, Pakistan, and admitted. The calf was diagnosed to be suffering from tetanus based on clear cut symptoms of high fever, stiff muscles, urine retention and fixed jaws. The Graham's staining of the fresh smear revealed gram+ve rod shape bacteria that appeared like drumsticks. Furthermore, the Clostridium tetani was cultured and isolated from the deep necrotic tissue of the wound. The calf was treated with high doses of procaine penicillin, anti-tetanus serum, sedative, meloxicam and intravenous fluid electrolyte therapy (Dextrose 5%). The calf was feed through stomach tube and the urinary catheter was administered to ease out the problem of urine retention. After continues therapeutics management, the calf recovered in two weeks.
Tetanus is a bacterial environmental disease with neurological condition that affects both people and animals, causing spastic paralysis. The disease is prevalent in many countries of the world including India and Ethiopia. Neonatal tetanus is a killer disease that carries high mortality. It affects the people of active age. Source of infection is exogenous as soil and dust serve as a natural habitat of the bacterium. Agricultural workers are at special risk of acquiring the infection because of their contact with soil. The gram-positive, sporulating bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is soil-borne and environmental, produces the toxin that causes tetanus. The majority of the times, the soil contaminated by Clostridium tetani spores causes wound contamination, which produces the disease. Tetanus toxin can harm humans, horses, and sheep, but it can also cause injury to cattle, dogs, and cats. The cost and availability of high-quality protein for human consumption are directly impacted by illnesses that compromise the well-being and productivity of food animals. Diseases contribute to economic losses by diminishing meat, milk, or feed conversion, slowing weight gain, and lengthening the period an animal to stay on the farm before being marketed, in addition to the costs associated with treating sick animals and their deaths. Currently, there is no specific laboratory test available to unequivocally establish the diagnosis of tetanus. However, clinical symptoms, case history, wound presence, and disease development are typically used to make the diagnosis of tetanus in animals. It is frequently challenging to identify Clostridium tetani at the wound site. A formaldehyde-inactivated tetanus toxin vaccination is a method of medical prevention. For tetanus, there is not an effective medication for treatment of disease in animals. Active immunization with tetanus toxoid is considered the best preventive method in humans. Severe complications of disease can be life-threatening. This review focuses on pathogenesis, diagnosis, economic importance, and control of tetanus in animals and humans.
Bacteriological culture of blood from critically ill neonatal calves
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 1997
The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of bacteremia in critically ill, neonatal calves with severe diarrhea or depression, and to describe the variety of bacteria involved. Two studies were conducted in the summers of 1991 and 1993 involving 190 neonatal calves, 1-day to 19-days-old. Bacteremia was detected by blood culture in 31% (28/90) of calves in study 1, and in 24% (19/79) of ill calves and 0% (0/21) of control calves in study 2. Bacteria cultured from blood included Escherichia coli (51% of all isolates), other gram-negative enterics (25.5%), gram-negative anaerobes (5.9%), gram-positive cocci (11.8%), and gram-positive rods (5.9%). Among clinically ill calves, the average age was significantly lower in the blood culture-negative group (5.5 d) than in the blood culture-positive group (7.5 d) (P = 0.004). Mean serum IgG concentration was significantly (P = 0.0001) lower in blood culture-positive calves (1.146 g/L) than in blood culture-negative calves (3...
Infecção por Clostridium tetani no recém-nascido: revisão sobre o tétano neonatorum
Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva, 2011
Although tetanus is a preventable disease by vaccination, it continues to claim lives around the world. Whereas cases of accidental origin reflect insufficient population immunization, tetanus neonatorum reveals a doublenature fault-poor vaccination coverage of adults coupled with difficulties accessing appropriate prenatal care; this situation is aggravated by the extreme severity of tetanus in this age group in which the mortality rate can reach up to 80%. The early detection of tetanus in neonates is essential for immediately initiating the proper therapy. Therefore, although reaching an early diagnosis of tetanus is important, the most relevant aspect is related to the appropriate management and prophylaxis of this disease. Consequently, the aim of this article is to review neonatorum tetanus with an emphasis on its therapy and prevention.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2018
The goal of dipping the umbilical cord after birth in calves is to promote healing of the umbilical stump, prevent infection, and encourage the umbilical tissue to detach from the body. Treatment applied to the umbilical area is an important management step for preventing morbidity and mortality in calves. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of 4 umbilical dips on the healing rate, incidence of infection, and age at umbilical cord detachment using newborn Holstein heifer calves (n = 73). Calves were alternately assigned by birth order to 4 treatment groups: 7% iodine, a dry dip formulated using an antibacterial peptide (nisin) mixed with talc (3.105 g of nisin per 100 g of talcum powder on a weight per weight basis), liquid nisin (64 μg/mL), and 4% chlorhexidine mixed with alcohol in a 50:50 solution. Umbilical cords were dipped 30 min after birth. Before initial dipping, umbilical cord diameter (as an indicator of the rate of cord drying and healing rate) was determined using a digital caliper. The caliper measurements were repeated at 24 ± 1, 48 ± 1, and 72 ± 1 h (±standard deviation) of age and were continued daily until the umbilical cord healed and detached from the animal's body. Diagnosed umbilical infections were documented by veterinary staff based on a combination of clinical symptoms (redness, swelling, purulent discharge, painful response (flinch or kicking) to palpation of the umbilical stump) in addition to a lack of appetite and fever. Data were analyzed using MIXED model procedures with fixed effect of umbilical treatment. No treatment differences were noted between dips on the umbilical cord drying rate or days for umbilical cord to detach. Treatment effects were observed on incidence of umbilical infection (incidence of infection for calves across all treatments was 9.0%).
The Lancet, 2007
Maternal and neonatal tetanus are important causes of maternal and neonatal mortality, claiming about 180 000 lives worldwide every year, almost exclusively in developing countries. Although easily prevented by maternal immunisation with tetanus toxoid vaccine, and aseptic obstetric and postnatal umbilical-cord care practices, maternal and neonatal tetanus persist as public-health problems in 48 countries, mainly in Asia and Africa. Survival of tetanus patients has improved substantially for those treated in hospitals with modern intensive-care facilities; however, such facilities are often unavailable where the tetanus burden is highest. The Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination Initiative assists countries in which maternal and neonatal tetanus has not been eliminated to provide immunisation with tetanus toxoid to women of childbearing age. The ultimate goal of this initiative is the worldwide elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus. Since tetanus spores cannot be removed from the environment, sustaining elimination will require improvements to presently inadequate immunisation and health-service infrastructures, and universal access to those services. The renewed worldwide commitment to the reduction of maternal and child mortality, if translated into eff ective action, could help to provide the systemic changes needed for long-term elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus.
2017
Neonatal tetanus is a disease caused by toxoid produced by Clostridium tetani, which is rare in newborns; it is an unresolved medical problem in developing countries. The elimination of neonatal tetanus is one of the main objectives pursued by World Health Organization throughout the world. In Morocco; despite the certification of tetanus’s elimination; it still rages, with still 4 cases in 2016 in our unit. We report 4 cases collected in the neonatal intensive care unit, in Mohamed VI University Hospital in Marrakech, during the year 2016. Neonatal tetanus accounted for 0.68% of all admissions. Pregnancy was not monitored in all 4 cases. Only one woman received 2 doses spaced of tetanus vaccine. The delivery occurred at home in 3 of the cases with application of “Khôl” at the level of the umbilicus. The mean age of admission was 12.5 days. A Dakar score was noted ≥ 4 in 3 cases and is classified as stage III according to the Mollaret classification. The treatment was essentially pa...
Review on Common Infectious Diseases of Neonatal Calves
Neonatal calf mortality is one of the important problems of calf rearing in dairy farms worldwide. A successful dairy farm operation requires that a large percentage of cows wean a live healthy calf every year. However, in many developing countries, a large number of calves die during the early neonatal life, this causing heavy economic loss. This is due to several infectious (bacterial, viral, and protozoal) and non-infectious factors (management around birth, colostrum management, calf housing, feeding system, hygiene, and pathogens) play an important role in calf rearing. This paper aims to review major infectious causes of neonatal calf mortality. Numerous studies have been conducted in the past from many parts of the world using both retrospective and prospective data sources to document the major causes of calf mortality. Of the infectious diseases of calves, neonatal diarrhea is a matter of major concern, and multiple etiological agents from viruses (Bovine rotavirus, Bovine coronavirus, Bovine viral diarrhea virus) from bacteria (Salmonella spp, Escherichia-coli, and Clostridium perfringens) from protozoal (Cryptosporidium-parvum) have been identified as major causes of neonatal calf mortality. Among the infectious agents, rotavirus and E. coli are mainly involved in the causation of neonatal calf diarrhea which leads to high mortality and morbidity in young calves. E. coli mainly plays its role up to the second week of life whereas, rotavirus up to the third week. Generally, early calf mortality leading to economic losses due to the cost of treatment, prophylaxis, increased susceptibility to other infections, reduced growth rates, and death of calves.