Periodontal disease and preterm low birth weight: a case control study (original) (raw)
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The journal of contemporary dental practice, 2024
Aim: Preterm birth is the most adverse effect of pregnancy, commonly leading to low birth weight. Our study aimed to assess the relationship between maternal periodontal status and adverse pregnancy outcomes by immediate postpartum periodontal examination and diagnosis. Materials and methods: 125 mothers were divided into four groups based on gestational day (GD) and newborns' birth weight (BW); the mothers with GD ≥ 259 days and BW ≥ 2500 gm (Control), the mothers with GD <259 days and BW ≥ 2500 gm (PT group), the mothers with GD ≥ 259 days and BW <2500 gm (LBW group), and the mothers with GD <259 days and BW <2500 gm (PT-LBW group). The maternal periodontal assessment was carried out within 3 days after delivery. Results: The bleeding on probing (BOP) of the PT-LBW group was significantly higher than the control (P = 0.027). The correlation test revealed a mild inverse relationship between BOP and BW (R =-0.23, P = 0.044). According to the new 2018 American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) periodontal classification, there was no significant difference between periodontal status within groups. Conclusion: The present study suggests that BOP, an early sign of gingival inflammation, is involved in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Clinical significance: This study is the first of its kind to use immediate postpartum periodontal examination and diagnosis by the new 2018 AAP periodontal classification. The findings demonstrate that signs of gingival inflammation may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Association of periodontitis with pre term low birth weight – A review
Placenta, 2020
Prematurity is one of the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The association between periodontitis and premature delivery and low weight at birth has been suggested in many literature. Pregnancy totally depends on physiological immune tolerance of a women. During pregnancy shifts in the microbial composition of the subgingival dental plaque biofilm promotes the formation of more hazardous and destructive microbial community. In women suffering with periodontitis, the infected periodontal tissues may act as source of bacteria and their products can reach to the foetus-placenta unit through circulation. This helps the bacterial agents and their products to activate inflammatory signalling pathways locally and in extra-oral sites, including the placenta-foetal unit, which may not only induce preterm labor but also restrict the intrauterine growth. Number of literature has shown about the effectiveness of providing periodontal treatment in preventing gestational complications by controlling the infection and inflammation in periodontitis patients during pregnancy. In this review we aimed to throw the light on the current data of association between pregnancy and periodontitis, pathogenic mechanisms underlying this association, evidence of this association and effect of providing periodontal treatment as a safety precaution to the mothers. 2. Complications of preterm birth to the infant [7] During the neonatal period (first 28 days) and infancy (first year
Relationship between maternal periodontal disease and low-birth-weight pre-term infants
Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 2005
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of periodontal status on low-birth-weight pre-term delivery. Material and Methods: Ninety-six pregnant women were examined in their first, second and third trimester to record plaque scores, clinically assessed gingival inflammation and probing depth (mean depth and percentage of sites with depth of 43 mm). Binary logistic regression analyses were performed using SUDAAN 7.5 program. The type 1 (a) error established at 0.05 and an (a) error of 0.05-0.1 were considered nearly significant. Results: The 96 women delivered 89 newborns: 16 were pre-term and seven of these were of low birth weight. There were seven miscarriages, all in the second trimester. No statistically significant association was found between gestational age and periodontal parameters. No significant relationship was found between low-weight delivery and plaque index measurements, although the association with gingival index was close to significant. A relationship was observed between low-weight birth and probing depth measurements, especially the percentage of sites of 43 mm depth, which was statistically significant (p 5 0.0038) even when gestational age was controlled for. Conclusions: According to these results, periodontal disease is a significant risk factor for low birth weight but not for pre-term delivery.
The relationship between maternal periodontitis and preterm low birth weight: A case-control study
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 2011
Background: The relationship between periodontal diseases in pregnancy and children born prematurely or with low birth weight has been increasingly investigated, showing positive and negative results, respectively. Objective: To evaluate the association between Maternal Periodontitis and Preterm delivery or Low Birth Weight. Materials and Methods: In this casecontrol study, 104 pregnant women without systemic disease or other risk factors for preterm labor were chosen. The control group (n = 52) had term labor (infants ≥37 weeks) and the case group (n = 52) had preterm labor (infants <37 weeks). Plaque index, bleeding index, and birth weight were measured. Results: The data of plaque index (cases 1.21±0.56; controls 0.63±0.31), bleeding index (cases, 2.08±0.62; controls, 1.52±0.61), birth weight (cases, 2.01±0.36; controls 2.87±0.32), and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) ≥4mm and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) ≥3mm in at least 4 teeth (odds ratio 137.50, P value < 0.0001) revealed a statistically signifi cant difference between the two groups P< 0.05). Conclusions: A noticeable relationship between periodontal health and duration of pregnancy; periodontal disease could be a risk factor for preterm labor. Oral hygiene maintenance should be a part of prenatal care protocol.
Relationship between maternal periodontal disease and low birth weight babies
2013
Background: Periodontal infections, which serve as a reservoir of inflammatory mediators, may pose a threat to the fetal-placental unit and cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was assessing the periodontal status of women during puerperium and determining the possible relationship between their periodontal disease and low birth weight delivery. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study. The sample included 88 ex-pregnant women were seen at maternity hospitals of Yazd, Iran. Half of the mothers had low birth babies (LBW) (birth weight below 2500g- case group) and the others had normal weight babies (>2500g- control group). The mothers’ data were obtained from medical files, interview and periodontal clinical examination carried out up to 3 days after delivery. Bleeding on probing, presence of supra-gingival calculus and CPITN (Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs) were used for periodontal assessment Results: Among the known risk factors of LBW babies, history of previous LBW infant among case mothers reached statistical significance (p=0.0081, Student t-test). Mothers of LBW infants had less healthy areas of gingiva (p=0.042), and more deep pockets (p=0.0006, Mann-Whitney test). Conclusion: The maternal periodontal disease can be a potential independent risk factor for LBW. Key Words: Periodontal disease, Low birth weight, community periodontal indexfor treatment needs
The Relationship between Periodontitis and Preterm Low Birthweight
Journal of Dental Research, 2008
There is no consensus about the influence of periodontal disease on preterm low birthweight. The objective was to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and preterm low birthweight. A case-control study with 542 post partum women aged over 30 yrs was conducted. Three groups of cases were compared with non-preterm and non-low-birthweight control individuals (n = 393): low birthweight (n = 96), preterm (n = 110), and preterm and low birthweight (n = 63). Periodontal clinical parameters and covariates were recorded. Periodontal disease levels were higher in control individuals than in cases. The extent of periodontal disease did not increase risk of preterm low birthweight according to 15 measures of periodontal disease. Mean periodontal pocket depth and frequency of periodontal sites with clinical attachment level ≥ 3 mm in preterm low birthweight cases were lower than in control individuals. Periodontal disease was not more severe in women with preterm low birthweig...
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is a complex microbial disease affecting the supporting structures of the tooth. It is initiated by oral pathogens and is considered that the severity of periodontal disease is dependent on the response of host to periodontal pathogens. [1] The concept that periodontal disease might influence systemic health is not new. In 1900, William Hunter [2] , a British Physician identified gingivitis and periodontitis as foci of infection. He advocated extraction of teeth with these conditions to eliminate the source of sepsis. The focal infection theory fell into disrepute in the 1940s and 1950s when extraction of the entire dentition failed to reduce or eliminate the systemic conditions. However, it was not until the last decade of the twentieth century that dentistry and medicine again began to examine the relationship of oral infection as a risk for systemic disease. Preterm low birth weight (PLBW) is defined as an adverse pregnancy outcome where the infant weighs less than 2,500 gms and born before 37 weeks of gestational age. [3] It is a well-recognized fact that, PLBW is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and societal cost across the world. It is one of the leading causes of death in infants. Background: There is growing evidence showing that a number of complex human diseases are caused or are at least influenced by periodontal diseases. Such diseases include cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate periodontal diseases as a risk factor for preterm low birth weight infants. Methods: A case‑control study with a selection ratio of 1:1 was performed using 150 cases and 150 controls, who delivered their babies at Vanivilas Hospital, Bangalore, India, over a 3‑months period from January 2012–March 2012. Cases were defined as mothers delivering an infant weighing less than 2,500 gms and born before 37‑weeks gestation. Controls were mothers delivering an infant weighing more than 2,500 gms and born after 38‑weeks gestation. Patients were evaluated for age, socioeconomic status, obstetric risk, nutritional status, maternal morbidity, infections, toxic exposure, antenatal care, infant characters, through hospital records and personal questionnaire by incharge team members. Oral examination was performed using Extent and severity index, Sulcus Bleeding Index. Results: Cases and controls did not reveal any significant difference when compared for age, socioeconomic status, obstetric risk, nutrition, maternal morbidity, and antenatal care. Periodontal disease was more severe and extensive in cases when compared with control and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Bleeding index scores were higher in cases as compared to control and was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it is concluded that a poor periodontal health status of the mother may be a potential risk factor for a preterm low birth weight.
Periodontal disease -- the emergence of a risk for systemic conditions: pre-term low birth weight
Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 2005
This paper addresses the problem of adverse pregnancy outcome in relation to periodontal disease. There is compelling evidence that a link exists between pre-term low birth weight (PLBW) and periodontitis. Although 25% to 50% of PLBW deliveries occur without any known aetiology, there is increasing evidence that infection may play a significant role in pre-term delivery. A model explaining the plausible relationship is proposed based upon the concept of infection leading to a cascade of inflammatory reactions associated with pre-term labour and periodontal disease. Current evidence has pointed to an interest in dental intervention studies to control periodontal disease as one of the potential strategies to reduce pre-term labour. This paper reviews the potential association between periodontal infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Periodontal infections which serve as reservoirs of gram negative anaerobic organisms, lipopolysaccharides and inflammatory mediators including PGE 2 and TNF-α, may have consequences that extend beyond the periodontal tissues themselves. Low birth weight children experience combination of various neurosensory, developmental and health problem causing tremendous impact on the health care system and survivors own family. All of these warrants the continuous research for risk factors for LBW that are amenable to prevention. Aims: .In the present study it was sought to determine the periodontal status of the mother with low and normal birth weight infants and to assess the affect of periodontal status of the mothers on birth weight of infants Methods and Material: Hence full mouth periodontal examination was carried out on 100 mothers with LBWand NBW infants after controlling for all other known risk factors.DMF index,OHI score, Gingival index, Probing Pocket Depth, and Clinical Attachment Level measurement were made. Results: It was found that mothers with LBWinfants had poorer oral hygiene, increased gingival index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss measurement.DMF Index was not associated with the risk of LBW.This data suggest that periodontal infections is a risk factor for LBW Infants Conclusions: Periodontal disease can be considered as a potential risk factor for low birth weight.
Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 2021
Context: The impact of periodontal disease during pregnancy and its effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes is seen in the literature. When it comes to the link of disease related to periodontium to that of adverse pregnancy outcomes, a need can arise if a significant cause-effect relationship does exist or not between them. Aim: The study was aimed to determine the association of periodontal health status in pregnant women with the occurrence of preterm low birth weight (LBW) infants in Vadodara, Gujarat. Settings and Design: An interventional study with 100 patients was conducted, of which 67 participants were included in the control group and 33 participants were included in the intervention group. A total of 12 participants dropped out from the study and 88 were analyzed for the outcome. Subjects and Methods: The Community periodontal Index of Treatment needs index was taken for all enrolled participants and then were divided into interventional group and control group. Participant...