In vitro antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of crude extract of stem bark of Afzelia africana (Smith) (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2011
Infection due to multidrug resistance pathogens is difficult to manage due to bacterial virulence factors and because of a relatively limited choice of antimicrobial agents. Thus, it is imperative to discover fresh antimicrobials or new practices that are effective for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by drug-resistant microorganisms. The objective of this experiment is to investigate for synergistic outcomes when crude methanolic extract of the stem bark of Afzelia africana and antibiotics were combined against a panel of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains that have been implicated in infections. Standard microbiological protocols were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extract and antibiotics, as well as to investigate the effect of combinations of the methanolic extract of A. africana stem bark and selected antibiotics using the time-kill assay method. The extract of Afzelia africana exhibited antibacterial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria made up of
Biological Research, 2009
We had recently reported antibacterial activity in the crude extract of the stem bark of Afzelia africana . In this study, we assessed the biocidal and cell membrane disruption potentials of fractions obtained from the crude extract of the plant. The aqueous (AQ) and butanol (BL) fractions exhibited appreciable antibacterial activities against the test bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the AQ and BL fractions ranged between 0.313 and 2.5 mg/ml, while their minimum bactericidal concentrations varied between 0.625 and 5.0 mg/ml. Also, the AQ fraction killed about 95.8% of E. coli cells within 105 min at a concentration of 5 mg/ml, while about 99.1% of Bacillus pumilus cells were killed by this fraction at the same concentration and exposure time. A similar trend was observed for the BL fraction. At a concentration of 5 mg/ml, the butanol fraction leaked 9.8 μg/ml of proteins from E. coli cells within 3 h, while the aqueous fraction leaked 6.5 μg/ml of proteins from the same organisms at the same concentration and exposure time. We propose that the stem bark of Afzelia africana is a potential source of bioactive compounds of importance to the pharmaceutical industry.
2016
We had recently reported antibacterial activity in the crude extract of the stem bark of Afzelia africana (Akinpelu et al., 2008). In this study, we assessed the biocidal and cell membrane disruption potentials of fractions obtained from the crude extract of the plant. The aqueous (AQ) and butanol (BL) fractions exhibited appreciable antibacterial activities against the test bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the AQ and BL fractions ranged between 0.313 and 2.5 mg/ml, while their minimum bactericidal concentrations varied between 0.625 and 5.0 mg/ml. Also, the AQ fraction killed about 95.8 % of E. coli cells within 105 min at a concentration of 5 mg/ml, while about 99.1 % of Bacillus pumilus cells were killed by this fraction at the same concentration and exposure time. A similar trend was observed for the BL fraction. At a concentration of 5 mg/ml, the butanol fraction leaked 9.8 μg/ml of proteins from E. coli cells within 3 h, while the aqueous fraction leaked 6.5 ...
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Background. Afzelia africana is a plant species with well-documented ethnobotanical and medicinal properties. The plant is reported to have various secondary metabolites and had been applied for the treatment of various diseased conditions. Objectives. The study objectives include fractionation, isolation, purification, and characterization of eriodictyol from the bark of A. africana, and the determination of its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Methodology. The series of methodologies that were employed include fractionations and purification (column chromatography), characterization (HPLC, LC-MS, IR, 1H, 13C, DEPT-135, HSQC, and HMBC), antimicrobial assays (microbroth dilution and checkerboard assay), and antioxidant activities assays (ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity). Results. The study reports the identification and characterization of eriodictyol from the bark of A. africana which exhibited potent antioxidant activities against ABTS and DPPH radicals with scavenging ...
Scientific African
Afzelia africana is a tropical plant with extensive economic and medicinal potential. The plant is reported to have vast secondary metabolites and has been utilized for the treatment of various diseased conditions ethnomedically but no reports of compounds have been isolated from the plant. The study aimed to isolate bioactive compounds from the bark, purify and identify them using column chromatography, spectroscopic and spectrometric methods, and determine their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial and antioxidant assays were performed on the identified compound. Column chromatographic fractionation of the methanol extract of the bark of the plant using a solvent system of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 70:30) afforded several fractions which were pooled together based on a thin-layer chromatographic profile. The fractions from the solvent system of 85:15 after sub-fractionation using petroleum etherethyl acetate (70:30) afforded a 20 mg yellow powder. The isolate was characterized based on 1 H, 13 C, DEPT-135, HSQC, HMBC, and ESI-MS and unequivocally identified as 3,3-di-Omethyl ellagic acid. The antimicrobial activity of the compound was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi , and Candida albicans 1 and 2. The compound recorded percentage inhibitions ranging from 40-100% and 0-30% at 6.25-1.56 and 0.78-0.20 mg/mL, respectively. The highest level of inhibition was reported for Escherichia coli (35.0-92.5 %), Salmonella typhi (100%), and Candida albicans 1 (100%) over the concentration range of 6.25-0.20 mg/mL. The compound also reported a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against all the microbial strains with corresponding MBC/MIC ratios of ≤ 4. The IC 50 values for the compound in the ABTS and DPPH scavenging assays were 5.76 ± 0.06 and 9.97 ± 0.27 μg/mL, respectively. This paper reports for the first time the identification of 3,3-di-O-methyl ellagic acid from the bark of Afzelia africana .
Biochemistry Research International
Background. Afzelia africana is a plant species with reported numerous medicinal potentials and secondary metabolites. Various parts of the plant have been applied for the treatment of hernia, rheumatism, pain, lumbago, malaria, etc. The study seeks to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antiplasmodial, and ESI-MS scan of bioassay-guided fractions from the methanol extract of the bark of the plant. Aims. The main aim of the study was to carry out bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude methanol extract of Afzelia africana in order to isolate fractions and to evaluate their antiplasmodial activities and ESI-MS fingerprints. Methods. The methods employed include column chromatographic fractionation, phytochemical screening, antiplasmodial activity (malaria SYBER green assay (MSF)), and ESI-MS profile (full ESI-MS scan). Results. The column chromatographic fractionation and phytochemical screening of the plant led to the separation of the following four fractions: 1 (flavonoids...
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of afzelia africana and detarium microcarpum seeds
The aim of this study was to probe the phytochemical constituents and the antimicrobial activities of Afzelia africana and Detarium microcarpum seed endosperms. The results obtained from the phytochemical screening indicated that tannins, flavonoids, fatty acids, phenol, steroids, saponins and alkaloids were present. The seed extracts were tested against eight pathogenic organisms comprising of two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria; two fungi and two viruses using Agar and Disc diffusion methods. The plant extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against all the tested organisms. This investigation therefore, suggests the incorporation of Afzelia africana and Detarium microcarpum seeds into human diets as they are rich in medicinal agents that could trigger great physiological effects. It also authenticates their use as soup thickeners in eastern Nigeria and in the production of snacks.
Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
This study is designed to explore the phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of Fadogia erythrophloea. The powdered stem bark material was subjected to Soxhlet extraction using methanol. The methanol extract was then partitioned using chloroform and ethyl acetate. The fractions were also concentrated using rotary evaporator. Phytochemical screening of the extract and fractions of Fadogia erythrophloea stem bark revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids. The antimicrobial analysis revealed that the crude methanol extract, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were active against most of the test microorganisms. The mean zones of inhibition against the test microorganisms ranged between 20-33 mm. The highest zone of inhibition was obtained with ethyl acetate for Bacillus cereus as 33 mm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranges from 2.75 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml, the MIC for both methanol and chloroform extracts were both found to be 12.5 mg/ml whereas ethyl acetate has 6.25 mg/ml. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the ethyl acetate fraction was determined to12.5 mg/ml for most of the microorganisms tested. The broad range of inhibition detected implied that the extract has measurable antibacterial properties. This may be due to the presence of active principles which were detected in the phytochemical screening.
2016
Phytochemicals are nonessential nutrients derived from plants; most of them are physiologically active. Majority of the phytochemicals have been known to beer therapeutic activities like antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antispasmodic, anticancer, hepatoprotective etc. Chemical compounds with antimicrobial activity isolated from plants have enormous therapeutic potential and are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases while magnetizing many of the side effects that are often caused by synthetic antimicrobial agents. The present study planned to evaluate the bark and seed extracts Azadirachta indica A.Juss (Family: Meliaceae) were subjected for qualitative phytochemical evaluation and in vitro antimicrobial activity. Data showed that seeds and bark contain alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, phytosterols, polyphenols and saponin. Neem has been found very active against all gram positive and negative bacteria and demonstrated moderate to signific...
Pharmaceutical Biology, 2012
Context: Plants are known to play a crucial role in African traditional medicine for the treatment of infection diseases. Objectives: To investigate the claimed antimicrobial properties of plants traditionally used in African countries, providing scientific validation for their use. Materials and methods: Eighty-three polar and non-polar extracts from 22 medicinal plants were screened for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Mycobacterium smegmatis using the broth microdilution method. Results and Discussion: In vitro antibacterial activity against one or more tested bacteria was shown by 83% of the extracts. The highest activity was obtained with the methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Acacia karroo Hayne (Fabaceae) and Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) and the roots of Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol (Euphorbiaceae), against S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 7.5 µg/mL). The same MIC values were exhibited against E. faecalis by the methanol extract of A. occidentale, the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of B. cathartica and the ethyl acetate extract of Momordica balsamina l. (Curcubitaceae) leaves. Gram-negative bacteria were less sensitive; the growth of P. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited (MIC = 31 µg/mL) by the n-hexane and methanol extracts of Gomphocarpus fruticosus (l.) Ait. (Asclepiadaceae) fruits and by the dichloromethane extract of Trichilia emetica Vahl (Meliaceae) seeds. Most of the active extracts were rich in fenols/flavonoids. Conclusion: This study supports the use of most of the studied plants in traditional medicine, for the treatment of infectious diseases. Some of them are worthy of further investigation. Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Lisboa on 12/02/11 For personal use only. Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Lisboa on 12/02/11