Clinical Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA): Therapeutic Targeting of Tumorigenesis and Tumor Disease (original) (raw)

Clinical Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA) Therapeutic Targeting of Tumorigenesis.pdf

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of longer than 200 nucleotides which are the largest and more diverse transcripts in the cells. After study from Functional Annotation of Mammalian cDNA, lncRNAs demonstrated some special characteristics such as lower quantity, higher tissue-specificity, higher stage specificity and higher cell subtype specificity. The current evidence from tumor diseases suggests that lncRNAs are an important regulatory RNA present at tumor cells, and therefore their alterations are associated with tumorigenesis and tumor diseases. Here we presented a clinical landscape of lncRNA including detection of lncRNA and their clinical application such as diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also discussed the challenges and resolving strategies for these clinical applications.

Long non-coding RNAs in cancer: implications for personalized therapy

Cellular oncology, 2014

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs, pseudogenes and circRNAs) have recently come into light as powerful players in cancer pathogenesis and it is becoming increasingly clear that they have the potential of greatly contributing to the spread and success of personalized cancer medicine. In this concise review, we briefly introduce these three classes of long non-coding RNAs. We then discuss their applications as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Finally, we describe their appeal as targets and as drugs, while pointing out the limitations that still lie ahead of their definitive entry into clinical practice.

Roles, Functions, and Mechanisms of Long Non-coding RNAs in Cancer

Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, 2016

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancer. They are involved in chromatin remodeling, as well as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, through a variety of chromatin-based mechanisms and via cross-talk with other RNA species. lncRNAs can function as decoys, scaffolds, and enhancer RNAs. This review summarizes the characteristics of lncRNAs, including their roles, functions, and working mechanisms, describes methods for identifying and annotating lncRNAs, and discusses future opportunities for lncRNA-based therapies using antisense oligonucleotides.

Long noncoding RNAs: a potential novel class of cancer biomarkers

Frontiers in Genetics, 2015

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of RNA molecules defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that lack protein coding potential. They constitute a major, but still poorly characterized part of human transcriptome, however, evidence is growing that they are important regulatory molecules involved in various cellular processes. It is becoming increasingly clear that many lncRNAs are deregulated in cancer and some of them can be important drivers of malignant transformation. On the one hand, some lncRNAs can have highly specific expression in particular types of cancer making them a promising tool for diagnosis. The expression of other lncRNAs can correlate with different pathophysiological features of tumor growth and with patient survival, thus making them convenient biomarkers for prognosis. In this review we outline the current state of knowledge about the fast growing field of application of lncRNAs as tumor biomarkers.

LncRNA-DANCR: A valuable cancer related long non-coding RNA for human cancers

Pathology - Research and Practice, 2018

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are a type of noncoding RNA that comprise of longer than 200 nucleotides sequences. They can regulate chromosome structure, gene expression and play an essential role in the pathophysiology of human diseases, especially in tumorigenesis and progression. Nowadays, they are being targeted as potential biomarkers for various cancer types. And many research studies have proven that lncRNAs might bring a new era to cancer diagnosis and support treatment management. The purpose of this review was to inspect the molecular mechanism and clinical significance of long non-coding RNA-differentiation antagonizing nonprotein coding RNA(DANCR) in various types of human cancers. Materials and methods: In this review, we summarize and figure out recent research studies concerning the expression and biological mechanisms of lncRNA-DANCR in tumour development. The related studies were obtained through a systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library. Results: Long non-coding RNAs-DANCR is a valuable cancer-related lncRNA that its dysregulated expression was found in a variety of malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, glioma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and lung cancer. The aberrant expressions of DANCR have been shown to contribute to proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells. Conclusions: Long non-coding RNAs-DANCR likely serves as a useful disease biomarker or therapeutic cancer target.

LncRNAs in Cancer: another layer of complexity

The Journal of Gene Medicine, 2018

We review the most well characterized long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with important roles in hallmarks of cancer, additionally including lncRNAs with a higher potential for clinical application. LncRNAs are transcripts larger than 200 nucleotides in length that do not appear to have protein-coding potential, although some of those may produce small functional peptides. These transcripts have attracted significant attention from researchers as a result of their role in genetic regulation, including epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, being involved in numerous biological processes, as well as being associated with multifactorial diseases, including tumorigenesis. The hallmarks of cancer include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis and activating invasion/metastasis. Additionally, genome instability, inflammation, reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction and lncRNAs are implicated in all hallmarks of cancer. Based on the great number of studies describing lncRNAs associated with diverse aspects of most tumor types, lncRNAs have essential roles in potentially all biological features of cancer cells and show great utility as diagnostic and prognostic markers, as exemplified by PCA3 lncRNA detection in prostate cancer diagnosis.

The Roles and Diagnostic Potential of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Some Cancers: A Review

Since their discovery, non-coding RNAs have been known as key regulators of gene expression. Gaining a better understanding about their biogenesis and function may provide valuable knowledge about the heterogeneity of malignancies and contribute to identification of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of RNAs composed of >200 nucleotides that play important regulatory roles in gene transcription, splicing and epigenetics as well as in biological processes involved in cell cycle, development and pluripotency. Generally, the expression levels of lncRNAs are lower than protein-coding genes, but they exhibit more tissue-specific expression patterns. Recent studies have suggested involvement of cancer-specific lncRNAs including HOTAIR, ANRIL, FENDRR, GAS5 and H19 in tumorigenesis, tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Expression of lncRNAs is tissue-specific and may vary depending on the stage of tumor progression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of lncRNAs in some cancers and their potential as diagnostic and prognostic targets.

lncRNAs in Hallmarks of Cancer and Clinical Applications

Non-Coding RNAs [Working Title], 2019

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides in length that, in general, do not appear to have protein-coding potential. lncRNAs act in gene regulation involved with several biological processes. Furthermore, lncRNAs have been associated with a significant number of cancers, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis and progression. For example, HOTAIR regulates proliferation processes and other lncRNAs like highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC), H19, PTENP1, HEIH, and antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL). Other lncRNAs as AFAP1-AS1 and lincRNA-p21 can interact with BCL-2 and TP53, acting in apoptosis. Moreover, NORAD plays a vital role in genomic stability. Additionally, due to deregulated expression and high tissue specificity level, lncRNAs exhibit great potential as prognostic markers. In this chapter, we review the most highlighted lncRNAs acting in hallmarks of cancer and clinical application.

Emerging role of lncRNA in cancer: a potential avenue in molecular medicine

Annals of Translational Medicine, 2016

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the second largest number of cancer related deaths globally with limited management options for the advanced disease. Although substantial research has identified molecular targets, with strong validation in pre-clinical in vivo studies, translation of therapeutics to clinics has shown modest success. In a recent manuscript in Hepatology, Zhou and Yang et al. unravel a novel p53 associated long noncoding RNA (PRAL) as a potential prognostic marker and molecular target in HCC. Their work provides a promising approach at capitalizing the tumor suppressive role of p53 protein in fighting HCC. More importantly, it emphasizes the evolving significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) in molecular medicine. Current research trends focus on identifying and understanding roles of lncRNA in regulation of gene expression relevant to multiple disease pathophysiologies thereby presenting a new avenue of research in molecular and translational medicine.

Non-coding RNAs in cancer diagnosis and therapy

Non-coding RNA Research, 2016

Cancer invasion involves a series of fundamental heterogeneous steps, with each step being distinct in its type regarding its dependence on various oncogenic pathways. Over the past few years, researchers have been focusing on targeted therapies to treat malignancies relying not only on a single oncogenic pathway, but on multiple pathways. Scientists have recently identified potential targets in the human genome considered earlier as non-functional but the discovery of their potential role in gene regulation has put new insights to cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics. Non coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified as the key gene expression regulators. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) reveal diverse gene expression profiles in benign and metastatic tumours. Improved clinical research may lead to better knowledge of their biogenesis and mechanism and eventually be used as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Small non coding RNAs or micro RNA (miRNA) are capable of reprogramming multiple oncogenic cascades and, thus, can be used as target agents. This review is aimed to give a perspective of non coding transcription in cancer metastasis with an eye on rising clinical relevance of non coding RNAs and their mechanism of action focusing on potential therapeutics for cancer pathogenesis.