Antibiotic resistance patterns amongst clinical Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from Accra, Ghana (original) (raw)
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Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Vibrio cholerae isolates
2010
Introduction: Cholera is one of the most common diarrhoeal diseases in Nepal. Etiological agent of cholera is Vibrio cholerae which removes essential body fl uids, salts and vital nutrients, which are necessary for life causing dehydration and malnutrition. Emerging antimicrobial resistant is common. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of cholera patients in Nepal. Methods: All the laboratory works were conducted in the bacteriology section of National Public Health Laboratory, Teku from March to September 2005. During this period a total of 340 stool samples from diarrhoeal patients were collected and processed according to the standard laboratory methods. Each patient suffering from diarrhoea was directly interviewed for his or her clinical history during sample collection. Results: A total of 340 stool samples were processed and studied from both sex including all ages of patients. Among the processed sample 53 Vibrio cholerae cases were found. All isolated Vibrio cholerae O1 were El Tor, Inaba. All isolated (100%) Vibrio cholerae O1 were sensitive to Ampicillin, Ciprofl oxacin, Erythromycin and Tetracycline whereas all were resistant to Nalidixic acid and Cotrimoxazole. Only 15.1% cases were sensitive to Furazolidone whereas 84.9% were resistant. Conclusion: All V. cholerae strains isolated in this study were found resistant to Multi Drug Resistant (resistant to at least two antibiotics of different group). Ampicillin, Ciprofl oxacin, Erythromycin and Tetracycline were found still more potent antibiotics against Vibrio cholerae isolated during the study.
Vibrio Cholera, causative agent of acute gastrointestinal disease or cholera is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environment. Cholera is endemic disease in Latin America, Southern Asia and parts of Africa, where poor sanitation and seasonal outbreaks are particularly associated with seasonal outbreaks. Large number of outbreaks of Vibrio cholera gastroenteritis in Asian countries indicates the need to evaluate the prevalence of that pathogenic species in different regions of Asia. This study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholera in the endemic areas of Pakistan. Samples were collected from epidemic cell of National Institute of Health (NIH) during the time period of July 1998 to 1999, on the basis of reported cases of gastroenteritis/ cholera infections. A total of 172 isolates were collected from the 303 stools and vomitus samples of infected patients and their sensitivity to 18 antimicrobial agents were determined by disk diffusion method. All the isolates of Vibrio cholera showed 100% resistance to streptomycin and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole throughout the study period. The O139 strain isolated from water was resistant to streptomycin and Kanamycin. In contrast Norfloxicin were found to be very effective with only 4% resistance rate during 1998 while Tobramycin showed the best results with only 1% resistance as compared to resistance percentage of Tetracycline 10%, Erythromycin 16%, Chloramphenicol 17%, Cefamendol 40%, Ampicillin 58%, Nalidixic acid 66%, Nitrofurantion 95% during 1999. The comparison of antibiotic sensitivity showed almost similar pattern of antibiotics sensitivity with little variations due to geographical barriers. Furthermore, the trends of increased resistance to antibiotics indicate that indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents during hospitalization and self-medication contributed to the emergence of drug resistance in the prevalent strain of Vibrio cholera.
Antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae from sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review
African Journal of Laboratory Medicine
Recently, the occurrence of new variant pathogenic strains of V. cholerae has been attributed to new CTX prophage rearrangements. 6 Resistant V. cholerae have disseminated globally and now threaten Background: The World Health Assembly adopted the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, which includes improving the knowledge base through surveillance and research. Noteworthily, the World Health Organization has advocated a Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System to address the plan's surveillance objective, with most African countries enrolling in or after 2017. Aim: The aim of this article was to review prior data on antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae from sub-Saharan Africa with a view for future control and intervention strategies. Methods: We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (or 'PRISMA') guidelines to search the PubMed and African Journals Online databases, as well as additional articles provided by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, for articles reporting on the antibiotic susceptibility of V. cholerae between January 2000 and December 2017. Results: We identified 340 publications, of which only 25 (reporting from 16 countries within the sub-Saharan African region) were eligible. The majority (20; 80.0%) of the cholera toxigenic V. cholerae isolates were of the serogroup O1 of the El Tor biotype with Ogawa and Inaba serotypes predominating. Resistance was predominantly documented to trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole (50% of the studies), ampicillin (43.3% of the studies), chloramphenicol (43.3% of the studies) and streptomycin (30% of the studies). Resistance mechanisms were reported in 40% of the studies. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a documented antimicrobial resistance of V. cholerae to multiple antibiotic classes, including cell wall active agents and antimetabolites with evidence of phenotypic/genotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Cholera: A Need for Quick Intervention in Nigeria, West Africa
International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health
Following the discovery and identification of Vibrio cholerae, cholera disease continues to be a burden on the global community, including Nigeria. In this article, we provide an inclusive review on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in cholera and the need for its quick interventions. Cholera spread over Asia and other continents, majorly because of poor hygiene practises since 1817, and still exists. This agent secretes a toxin called cholera toxin (CT) after ingestion of contaminated water and/or food, which adheres to the cells in the intestinal epithelial, leading to symptoms such as watery diarrhea, fever, and even death if not treated. Many antimicrobials such as tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin, previously effective in cholera therapy, are now reported ineffective due to emerging and developing AMR strains of V. cholerae. AMR in cholera continues to be a major public health concern. Various outbreaks have been reported in Nigeria since the 1970s. This ...
Epidemiology and Infection, 2000
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from cholera patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, India for 6 years were analysed to determine the changing trends; 840 V. cholerae strains isolated in 1992–1997 were included in this study. Among V. cholerae serogoup O1 and O139, ampicillin resistance increased from 1992 (35 and 70%, respectively) to 1997 (both serogroups 100%). Resistance to furazolidone and streptomycin was constantly high among V. cholerae O1 strains with gradual increase in resistance to other drugs such as ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, neomycin and nalidixic acid. V. cholerae O139 strains exhibited susceptibilities to furazolidone and streptomycin comparable with those of O1 strains. However, after initial increase in resistance to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, all the V. cholerae O139 strains became susceptible to these two drugs from 1995 onwards. Both V. cholerae O1 and O139 remained largely susceptible to ...
Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine, 2019
Background: Cholera has continued to be a global threat to public health largely due to lack of social development. In endemic areas, outbreaks usually occur when war or civil unrest disrupts public sanitation services contaminating food and water supplies. Extensive and injudicious use of antimicrobials has led to the emergence of Vibrio cholerae strains that are resistant to several antibiotics. Aim: This study aims to highlight the recent cholera outbreak in the northeastern Nigeria and its characteristics, regarding the circulating serotypes and the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates. This information is important for the effective control of future outbreaks using vaccination and antibiotics. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 102 consecutive fresh diarrheic stool samples at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria, from July to December 2018. All samples were analyzed by culture and serology according to standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results: Stool samples from 102 suspected cholera cases were received in the medical microbiology laboratory department for evaluation. Males made up 54% of the study population, aged 3 months to 70 years. Most of the cases were from camps harboring large numbers of internally displaced persons. Serotyping revealed that the sero group Ogawa was responsible. The strains were 100% sensitive to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and cefotaxime, with varying resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Conclusion: Our study highlights the continuing social problems associated with cholera epidemics and the significance of regular serologic and antimicrobial resistance surveillance of V. cholerae strains in our environment for proper management of cases.
The susceptibility in vitro of 71 isolations of V. cholerae was evaluated: 24 of clinical origin and 47 strains of clinical and environmental origin collected in the epidemic of 1991 and during the outbreak epidemic of 1998 in Lima-Peru respectively. The biochemical and serological tests carried out established that 43 (60,6%) corresponded to the serogroup O1 Ogawa of the 1998 epidemic; 26 (36.6%) were of the serotype Inaba, being 24 of them isolated in 1991. Two strains did not belong to the serogroup O1. By means of disk diffusion method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), 15 strains with multi-resistance to antibiotics were determined, 10 of which were of clinical origin and 5 of natural origin, showing 9 antibiotypes with different resistance pattern. The evaluation of susceptibility in front of the vibriostatic agent O/129, demonstrated that 11.4% of the strains, collected in 1998, presented resistance to a concentration of 150 µ µ µ µ µg. A direct relationship among the resistance that presented the strains of clinical and environmental origin isolated in 1991 and 1998 was established as much for tetracycline, sulfa/trimethoprim and 0/ 129; 88.6% of the clinical strains of the year 1998 presented resistance to these three drugs, while 100% of clinical strains isolated in 1991 were sensitive to O/129 (150 µ µ µ µ µg), sulfa/trimethoprim and tetracycline. We conclude that V. cholerae O1 has increased its resistance to antimicrobial drugs of clinical use in the same way it is also losing susceptibility to the vibriostatic compound O/129 for what their use is not recommended for taxonomic purposes.
Drug resistance in Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from clinical specimens
Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 2012
Cholera is a serious epidemic and endemic disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. SXT is an integrative conjugation element (ICE) that was isolated from a V. cholerae; it encodes resistance to the antibiotics chloramphenicol, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. One hundred seven V. cholerae O1 strains were collected from cholera patients in Iran from 2005 to 2007 in order to study the presence of SXT constin and antibiotic resistance.
Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 from clinical and environmental samples in Kathmandu city
BMC Infectious Diseases, 2015
Background: Cholera, an infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a major public health problem and is a particularly burden in developing countries including Nepal. Although the recent worldwide outbreaks of cholera have been due to V. cholerae El Tor, the classical biotypes are still predominant in Nepal. Serogroup O1 of the V. cholerae classical biotype was the primary cause of a cholera outbreak in Kathmandu in 2012. Thus, this study was designed to know serotypes and biotypes of V. cholerae strains causing recent outbreak with reference to drug resistant patterns. Moreover, we also report the toxigenic strains of V. cholerae from both environmental and clinical specimens by detecting the ctx gene. Methods: Twenty four V. cholerae (n = 22 from stool samples and n = 2 from water samples) isolated in this study were subjected to Serotyping and biotyping following the standard protocols as described previously. All of the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility patterns using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as recommended by CLSI guidelines. The screening of the ctx genes (ctxA2-B gene) were performed by PCR method using a pair of primers; C2F (5′-AGGTGTAAAATTCCTTGACGA-3′) and C2R (5′-TCCTCAGGGTATCCTTCATC-3′) to identify the toxigenic strains of V. cholerae. Results: Among twenty four V. cholerae isolates, 91.7% were clinical and 8.3% were from water samples. Higher rate of V. cholerae infection was found among adults of aged group 20-30 years. All isolates were serogroups O1 of the V. cholerae classical biotype and sub serotype, Ogawa. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole. 90.9% were resistant to erythromycin however, tetracycline was found to be the most effective drug for the isolates. All isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and possessed a ctx gene of approximately 400 base pairs indicating the toxigenic strains. Conclusion: Hundred percent strains of V. cholerae were MDR possessing a ctx gene. It suggests that toxigenic strains be identified and proper antibiotic susceptibility testing be conducted. This will allow effective empirical therapy to be used to treat and control cholera.