Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Vibrio cholerae isolates (original) (raw)
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Vibrio Cholera, causative agent of acute gastrointestinal disease or cholera is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environment. Cholera is endemic disease in Latin America, Southern Asia and parts of Africa, where poor sanitation and seasonal outbreaks are particularly associated with seasonal outbreaks. Large number of outbreaks of Vibrio cholera gastroenteritis in Asian countries indicates the need to evaluate the prevalence of that pathogenic species in different regions of Asia. This study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholera in the endemic areas of Pakistan. Samples were collected from epidemic cell of National Institute of Health (NIH) during the time period of July 1998 to 1999, on the basis of reported cases of gastroenteritis/ cholera infections. A total of 172 isolates were collected from the 303 stools and vomitus samples of infected patients and their sensitivity to 18 antimicrobial agents were determined by disk diffusion method. All the isolates of Vibrio cholera showed 100% resistance to streptomycin and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole throughout the study period. The O139 strain isolated from water was resistant to streptomycin and Kanamycin. In contrast Norfloxicin were found to be very effective with only 4% resistance rate during 1998 while Tobramycin showed the best results with only 1% resistance as compared to resistance percentage of Tetracycline 10%, Erythromycin 16%, Chloramphenicol 17%, Cefamendol 40%, Ampicillin 58%, Nalidixic acid 66%, Nitrofurantion 95% during 1999. The comparison of antibiotic sensitivity showed almost similar pattern of antibiotics sensitivity with little variations due to geographical barriers. Furthermore, the trends of increased resistance to antibiotics indicate that indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents during hospitalization and self-medication contributed to the emergence of drug resistance in the prevalent strain of Vibrio cholera.
Epidemiology and Infection, 2000
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from cholera patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, India for 6 years were analysed to determine the changing trends; 840 V. cholerae strains isolated in 1992–1997 were included in this study. Among V. cholerae serogoup O1 and O139, ampicillin resistance increased from 1992 (35 and 70%, respectively) to 1997 (both serogroups 100%). Resistance to furazolidone and streptomycin was constantly high among V. cholerae O1 strains with gradual increase in resistance to other drugs such as ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, neomycin and nalidixic acid. V. cholerae O139 strains exhibited susceptibilities to furazolidone and streptomycin comparable with those of O1 strains. However, after initial increase in resistance to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, all the V. cholerae O139 strains became susceptible to these two drugs from 1995 onwards. Both V. cholerae O1 and O139 remained largely susceptible to ...
Antibiotic resistance patterns amongst clinical Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from Accra, Ghana
One of the protocols in the treatment and control of cholera infection is antibiotic therapy. However, increasing rates of antibiotic resistance amongst enteric bacteria including Vibrio cholerae have been reported in recent times. There has been no continuous surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility profiles for V. cholerae O1 in Ghana. This study determined resistance profiles of V. cholerae O1 to selected and commonly used antimicrobial agents and assessed resistance patterns across year periods. Additionally, the range of antibiotics currently effective for treatment and infection control during cholera outbreaks was ascertained. We screened a cumulative total of 277 isolates archived between 2010 and 2012 from the Greater Accra Region-Ghana, using the disc diffusion method. The recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute were used to interpret our results. Resistance patterns were high for co-trimoxazole 232/241 (96.3%), trimethoprim 265/276 (96.0%), erythromycin 255/270 (94.4%), and were low for azithromycin 0/11 (0%), ciprofloxacin 1/274 (0.4%), doxycycline 40/235 (14.5%) and tetracycline 43/232 (15.6%). There was significant increase in antibiotic resistance rates across the year groups studied, except for ciprofloxacin (P =0.5089), trimethoprim (P =0.0533) and erythromycin (P=0.3200). High levels of antibiotic resistance among the present population of V. cholerae O1 isolates were observed. However, during cholera outbreaks, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and tetracycline are alternatives in the treatment and control of infection when not contra-indicated.
Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2015
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 472 Vibrio cholerae O1 and 156 O139 strains isolated from diarrhoea patients from 1999-2003 in Orissa, India were analyzed to determine the changing trends. Ampicillin and neomycin resistance decreased from 1999 (96.2 and 88.8% respectively) to 2003 (88.2 and 49.7% respectively) among O1 serogroup. Resistance to cotrimoxazole, furazolidone, nalidixic acid and streptomycin was observed to be almost constantly high among O1. Both the serogroups showed development of resistance to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and tetracycline; remained largely susceptible to gentamicin and tetracycline in each year. V. cholerae O139 strains exhibited fluctuating trends of susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. Nalidixic acid resistant O139 was emerged in 1999 and all became resistant from 2000 onwards. Pearson’s Chisquare analysis revealed that the serogroup of O1 and O139 exhibited increase and decrease of resistance to almost all the ant...
Trend of antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholerae strains from East Delhi
The Indian journal of medical research, 2008
Epidemics of cholera caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 (Bengal strain) represent a major public health problem in most developing countries. In view of the reported shift in epidemiology and pattern of antibiotic resistance in this was study carried out to assess the development of resistance to essential drugs like fluoroquinolones during treatment of cholera and cholera like cases in Delhi. Faecal specimens collected from 1184 patients with cholera and cholera like illness between 2001-2006 admitted to Guru Teg Bahadur hospital, East Delhi were subjected to culture isolation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of V. cholerae isolates was done by disc diffusion method. Of the 1184 faecal samples examined, 670 (56.6%) were positive for V. cholera from 2001- 2006. V. cholerae El Tor Ogawa (54.6%) was more common than serotype Inaba (32.5%). During 2004-2006 V. cholerae Inaba emerged as the predominant serotype. Resistance to nalidixic acid, furazolidone and co-trimoxa...
The susceptibility in vitro of 71 isolations of V. cholerae was evaluated: 24 of clinical origin and 47 strains of clinical and environmental origin collected in the epidemic of 1991 and during the outbreak epidemic of 1998 in Lima-Peru respectively. The biochemical and serological tests carried out established that 43 (60,6%) corresponded to the serogroup O1 Ogawa of the 1998 epidemic; 26 (36.6%) were of the serotype Inaba, being 24 of them isolated in 1991. Two strains did not belong to the serogroup O1. By means of disk diffusion method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), 15 strains with multi-resistance to antibiotics were determined, 10 of which were of clinical origin and 5 of natural origin, showing 9 antibiotypes with different resistance pattern. The evaluation of susceptibility in front of the vibriostatic agent O/129, demonstrated that 11.4% of the strains, collected in 1998, presented resistance to a concentration of 150 µ µ µ µ µg. A direct relationship among the resistance that presented the strains of clinical and environmental origin isolated in 1991 and 1998 was established as much for tetracycline, sulfa/trimethoprim and 0/ 129; 88.6% of the clinical strains of the year 1998 presented resistance to these three drugs, while 100% of clinical strains isolated in 1991 were sensitive to O/129 (150 µ µ µ µ µg), sulfa/trimethoprim and tetracycline. We conclude that V. cholerae O1 has increased its resistance to antimicrobial drugs of clinical use in the same way it is also losing susceptibility to the vibriostatic compound O/129 for what their use is not recommended for taxonomic purposes.
Systematic Review on the Antibacterial Resistance of Vibrio Cholerae
UMYU Scientifica
Background: Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera illness. Antibacterial resistance of V. cholerae is frequently experienced due to the environmental pressure from human and animal overuse and misuse of antibacterials. Among such antibacterials include Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Furazolidone, Ampicillin, and Trimethoprim-Cotrimoxazole as used against V. cholerae O1, O139 and non O1, O139 strains. Objectives: This systematic review was aimed at providing an overview of Antibacterial resistant strains of Vibrio cholerae in terms of year, location and factors responsible for the resistance. Material and Method: Systematic Electronic database search of PubMed (NCBI) by means of the key terms MeSH “Antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae” between the period of January 2000 to October 2018 was used. Results: From the findings it showed that many factors are responsible for Antibacterial resistance of Vibrio cholerae which include genetic composition, mutation, enzymes....
Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 from clinical and environmental samples in Kathmandu city
BMC Infectious Diseases, 2015
Background: Cholera, an infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a major public health problem and is a particularly burden in developing countries including Nepal. Although the recent worldwide outbreaks of cholera have been due to V. cholerae El Tor, the classical biotypes are still predominant in Nepal. Serogroup O1 of the V. cholerae classical biotype was the primary cause of a cholera outbreak in Kathmandu in 2012. Thus, this study was designed to know serotypes and biotypes of V. cholerae strains causing recent outbreak with reference to drug resistant patterns. Moreover, we also report the toxigenic strains of V. cholerae from both environmental and clinical specimens by detecting the ctx gene. Methods: Twenty four V. cholerae (n = 22 from stool samples and n = 2 from water samples) isolated in this study were subjected to Serotyping and biotyping following the standard protocols as described previously. All of the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility patterns using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as recommended by CLSI guidelines. The screening of the ctx genes (ctxA2-B gene) were performed by PCR method using a pair of primers; C2F (5′-AGGTGTAAAATTCCTTGACGA-3′) and C2R (5′-TCCTCAGGGTATCCTTCATC-3′) to identify the toxigenic strains of V. cholerae. Results: Among twenty four V. cholerae isolates, 91.7% were clinical and 8.3% were from water samples. Higher rate of V. cholerae infection was found among adults of aged group 20-30 years. All isolates were serogroups O1 of the V. cholerae classical biotype and sub serotype, Ogawa. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole. 90.9% were resistant to erythromycin however, tetracycline was found to be the most effective drug for the isolates. All isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and possessed a ctx gene of approximately 400 base pairs indicating the toxigenic strains. Conclusion: Hundred percent strains of V. cholerae were MDR possessing a ctx gene. It suggests that toxigenic strains be identified and proper antibiotic susceptibility testing be conducted. This will allow effective empirical therapy to be used to treat and control cholera.
Jurnal Profesi Medika : Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan
One of the microbes that causes acute diarrhea is bacteria. Vibrio cholerae is one that causes diarrhea called cholera diarrhea. Cholera diarrhea is caused by enterotoxins produced by these bacterial colonies in the small intestine. Giving antibiotics is still the main choice in the treatment and treatment of diarrhea because it is expected to kill bacteria and will usually stop diarrhea. Irrational use and the existence of abuse and excessive use of antibiotics can be a factor that causes bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Tests carried out to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to an antibiotic. Vibrio cholerae isolate was regrowed in alkaline peptone (APW) water medium and incubated at 37ºC for 18-24 hours, then planted in the thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) medium. The sensitivity test was carried out on V. cholerae bacterial colonies growing on TCBS agar medium with the Disk Diffusion Method from Kirby Bauer. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that...