A study of immunization coverage and its determinants among under five children residing in urban field practice area of S. N. Medical College, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India (original) (raw)
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Introduction: Immunization is one of the eight elements of primary health care. Government of India is providing immunization services through Universal Immunization Programme to protect children from some important diseases of childhood. Knowledge of mothers of beneficial children regarding immunization will influence the utilization of services. Objectives: The present study was conducted 1) To assess the immunization coverage in the children of 12-23 months of age. 2) To assess the knowledge of mothers of these children regarding immunization. Methods: It is a cross sectional descriptive study conducted in RHTC Simhachalam, the field practice area of department of community medicine, Andhra Medical College, during the period July-August 2014. One hundred and eight children in the age group of 12-23 months selected randomly and the mothers of these children were considered. A pretested semi structured questionnaire was applied. Relevant statistical tests were used. Results: Among study children 42% were male& 58% were female. All the children were fully immunized. All the mothers getting their children vaccinated in government institutions only. ASHA was the key informant (65.7%) about the immunization sessions followed by Anganwadi worker (26.9%). Among all the mothers of these children, 38% had education below primary school& 62% had more than that. Regarding knowledge, 59.3% of mothers knew the number of required visits as per schedule& but only 5.6% mothers knew about the scheduled timings of vaccine doses& diseases for which their children received immunization. Mothers with education above primary school had significantly more knowledge on number of required visits& vaccine preventable diseases than others. Conclusion: Immunization coverage and services were satisfactory. But, the mothers were getting immunized their children without adequate knowledge. This gap suggests a need for health education to mothers regarding immunization which may pave the way for future expansion of the programme.
Advanced Biomedical Research, 2013
Background: Roughly 3 million children die every year of vaccine preventable diseases and a significant number of these children live in developing countries. The present study was conducted to assess the reasons for failure of immunization among 12-23-month-old children of Lucknow city in India. Materials and Methods: Out of all villages in rural areas and mohallas in urban areas of Lucknow district, eight villages and eight mohallas were selected by simple random sampling. A community based cross-sectional study was done among 450 children aged 12-23 months. The immunization status of the child was assessed by vaccination card and by mother's recall. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to elicit information on reasons for failure of immunization. Data was analysed using statistical package for social services (SPSS) version 11.5. Chi square test was used to find out the significant association. Results: Overall, 62.7% children were fully immunized, 24.4% children were partially immunized, and 12.9% children were not immunized. The major reasons for failure of immunization were postponing it until another time, child being ill and hence not brought to the centre for immunization, unaware of the need of immunization, place of immunization being too far, no faith in immunization, unaware of the need to return for 2 nd and 3 rd dose, mother being too busy, fear of side reactions, wrong ideas about immunization, and polio was considered only vaccine, and others. Conclusion: More awareness should be generated among the people living in rural and urban areas to immunize their children.
Texila International Journal of Public Health, 2019
Background: Immunization is considered as one of the key interventions for protection of children against life threatening conditions that are preventable. In India, nearly 8.9 million are missed for full immunization every year. The study was conducted to assess the reasons for partial immunization of below two years children in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. Methodology: Out of all villages and urban wards, randomly one urban and one rural area were selected. A community based cross-sectional study was done with 300 children aged below two years. Simple random sampling (using revolving pen) was used to select the first household for the survey. The immunization status of the child was assessed by vaccination card and by mother's recall where vaccination card was not available. Results: Chhattisgarh has increased its full immunization coverage from 58% in 2002-04 to 76.4%. overall 67% (135/203) children were fully immunized. In urban areas, 74% (74/100) children were fully immunized whereas in rural areas 59% (61/103) children were fully immunized. Dropout rate for BCG to measles rubella vaccine in urban areas was 5%, while, it was 7% in rural areas. Two most common reasons came out to be unaware of missed dose (38%) and fear of adverse event following immunization (28%). Conclusion: Immunization program has not only failed in achieving its target but is lagging far behind the desired coverage goal. More awareness should be generated among the people immunize their children.
Assessment of immunization Status of Children between 12-23 months in Bareilly District
Nepal Journal of Epidemiology, 2011
Objectives: To assess the immunization status of children in the age group 12-23 months and to know the reasons for non-immunization of children. Method: - A cross-sectional survey was conducted using WHO’s thirty cluster sampling technique in rural and urban areas of Bareilly district from August 2008 to January 2009. Rural areas were divided into blocks and blocks were divided into villages. Urban areas were divided into wards. Villages and wards were taken as clusters. During the house-to-house survey, a total of 240 children of age 12-23 months were included in the present study. Result: only around 50% of children were fully immunized while 27.5% were partially and 22.5 % were not immunized at all. Immunization coverage was highest for BCG (62.5%) and lowest for measles (39.2%). Dropout rates were 37.3%, 19.7% and 18.2% for BCG to measles, DPT1 to DPT3 and OPV1 to OPV3 respectively. Vitamin A prophylaxis showed a decline from 38.3 % to 16.7%. Amongst the various reasons for n...
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 2010
Reasons for the low coverage of immunization vary from logistic ones to those dependent on human behaviour. The study was planned to find out: (a) the immunization status of children admitted to a paediatric ward of tertiary-care hospital in Delhi, India and (b) reasons for partial immunization and nonimmunization. Parents of 325 consecutively-admitted children aged 12-60 months were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. A child who had missed any of the vaccines given under the national immunization programme till one year of age was classified as partially-immunized while those who had not received any vaccine up to 12 months of age or received only pulse polio vaccine were classified as non-immunized. Reasons for partial/non-immunization were recorded using open-ended questions. Of the 325 children (148 males, 177 females), 58 (17.84%) were completely immunized, 156 (48%) were partially immunized, and 111 (34.15%) were non-immunized. Mothers were the primary respondents in 84% of the cases. The immunization card was available with 31.3% of the patients. All 214 partially-or completely-immunized children received BCG, 207 received OPV/DPT1, 182 received OPV/DPT2, 180 received OPV/DPT3, and 115 received measles vaccines. Most (96%) received pulse polio immunization, including 98 of the 111 non-immunized children. The immunization status varied significantly (p<0.05) with sex, education of parents, urban/rural background, route and place of delivery. On logistic regression, place of delivery [odds ratio (OR): 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-4.1], maternal education (OR=6.94, 95% CI 3.1-15.1), and religion (OR=1.75, 95% CI 1.2-3.1) were significant (p<0.05). The most common reasons for partial or non-immunization were: inadequate knowledge about immunization or subsequent dose (n=140, 52.4%); belief that vaccine has side-effects (n=77, 28.8%); lack of faith in immunization (n=58, 21.7%); or oral polio vaccine is the only vaccine required (n=56, 20.9%. Most (82.5%) children admitted to a tertiary-care hospital were partially immunized or non-immunized. The immunization status needs to be improved by education, increasing awareness, and counselling of parents and caregivers regarding immunizations and associated misconceptions as observed in the study.
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health
Background: Vaccines are safe, simple and one of the most cost-effective way to save and improve the lives of children. The World Health Organization launched the Global Programme of Immunization in 1974 and Government of India launched the same in India on 1st January, 1978, with a view to provide protection to the children against disease and to reduce infant mortality rate.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in the immunization clinic of a tertiary care hospital (IGIMS) of Patna district. The study unit were children of age group 0 to 12 months attending the immunisation clinic of IGIMS Patna. The study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2017, for a period of 12 months.Results: About 40% of children were fully immunized, about 73.3% were having immunization card.Conclusions: Immunizations is one of the biggest public health achievements of the last century, saving millions of lives and preventing illness and lifelong disability in millions mor...
Evaluation of immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months in Surendranagar city
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2013
Introduction:Immunization is one of the well known and most effective method of preventing childhood diseases. Aims And Objectives:1) To describe socio-demographic profile of children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. 2) To Evaluate the factors affecting immunization status among children between 12-23 months of age attending immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional and descriptive type. Place of study was immunization centre, RIMS, Ranchi. Study duration was from 1 September to 30 November 2016. Results: In the present study 110 Children were studied in which maximum number were 19 months of age. Majority were hindu (79.9%) male(63.6%) of Urban locality(92.7%). Education of the parents was found to be significantly associated with the immunization status of children. Conclusion: Increasing the literacy status of the parents can alone can bring a major difference in immunization coverage among Children.
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR\_Vol.6\_Issue.4\_April2019/Abstract\_IJRR0027.html, 2019
Background: Childhood immunization has been an outstanding public health success in many developing countries. There is always need of local level data to supplement the national level survey, hence we conducted the present study to assess the immunization coverage. Materials and Methods: This community based cross sectional study was conducted in urban and rural areas of Lucknow district over a period of 12 months in children between the age group of 12 to 23 months. A total of 410 children were included. Data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire, which was administered by the lead author during a face-to-face interview. Results: Overall 86.6% children were fully immunized, 12.7% children were partially immunized while 0.7% children were not immunized at all. Percentage of fully immunized children was higher in the urban areas (92.2%) as compared to the rural areas (81%, P < 0.05). The drop-out rate from BCG to measles was 13.26%. In the urban areas the drop-out rate was 7.35% as opposed to 19.21% in the rural areas (P < 0.05). Overall the drop-out rate from DPT-3 to measles was 3.55%; with drop-out rates in urban and rural areas being a close 3.57% and 3.52% respectively (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The study suggests that though the immunization status in Lucknow district is marginally better than the state statistics, there is further need of proper information education and counseling especially in the rural areas.
2014
Background: Despite the ongoing National Immunization Program, the immunization coverage in our country remains unsatisfactory, particularly in U.P.; moreover, a wide disparity is seen in the immunization coverage of children at different ages. Objectives: The present study was conducted to know the immunization status of children, up to the age of 6 years, and particularly to evaluate the same with regard to the age of the child. Methods: The present study was carried out as a cross sectional study, between September, 2012 and May, 2013 at the pediatric OPD of SRMS Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly. A total of 1000 children, aged up to 6 years were included. Immunization status with regard to the doses of BCG, OPV, DPT, DT and measles vaccine given at different time was assessed by interviewing parents and checking immunization cards. An endeavor was also made to know the various factors responsible for incomplete or no immunization through interviewing parents. Results: Ove...