Pyrolysis of oil palm mesocarp fiber and palm frond in a slow-heating fixed-bed reactor: A comparative study (original) (raw)
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Fuel Properties and Chemical Compositions of Bio-oils from Biomass Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis of biomass is a promising alternative route for producing energy and chemical feedstock. This research proposes to investigate effect of pyrolysis temperature on product yields and the determination of their physicochemical properties. Slow pyrolysis of biomass (cassava pulp residue, palm shell and palm kernel) was performed in a fixed bed reactor. Palm kernel pyrolysis provided the highest liquid yield (54.34 wt%) at 700°C. Fuel properties of bio-oils are viscosity at 40°C, 1.46-58.72 cSt (mm 2 /s); pH, 2.8-5.6 and heating value, 14.92-40.00 MJ/kg. The boiling range distribution of dewatered palm kernel oil was closest to that of diesel oil while its heating value approached that of fuel oil.
Characterization of Bio-Oil From Palm Kernel Shell Pyrolysis
JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES, 2014
Pyrolysis of palm kernel shell in a fixed-bed reactor was studied in this paper. The objectives were to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature and particle size on the products yield and to characterize the bio-oil product. In order to get the optimum pyrolysis parameters on bio-oil yield, temperatures of 350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C and particle sizes of 212-300 µm, 300-600 µm, 600µm-1.18 mm and 1.18-2.36 mm under a heating rate of 50 °C min-1 were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield was 38.40% at 450 °C with a heating rate of 50 °C min-1 and a nitrogen sweep gas flow rate of 50 ml min-1. The bio-oil products were analysed by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The FTIR analysis showed that the bio-oil was dominated by oxygenated species. The phenol, phenol, 2-methoxy-and furfural that were identified by GCMS analysis are highly suitable for extraction from the bio-oil as value-added chemicals. The highly oxygenated oils need to be upgraded in order to be used in other applications such as transportation fuels.
Characterization of Palm Shell-Derived Bio-Oil Through Pyrolysis
Journal of applied agricultural science and technology, 2022
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource used to produce energy, fuels, and chemicals. This study aimed to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature on product yield and product characterization of bio-oil. In this study, palm shells were selected and prepared as raw materials for bio-oil production. Palm shells were first soaked in 10% HCl and then pyrolyzed at temperatures of 300 o C, 350 o C, 400 o C, and 450 o C in a fixed bed reactor. Afterward, the reactor will emit smoke which later will condense into bio-oil. The experimental results show that a temperature of 450 o C will be a better choice for higher bio-oil yields (44.59%). The characteristics of the bio-oil obtained are density (905-1015.17 kg/m 3), Kinematic Viscosity (1.21-1.5 mm 2 /s), and flash point (60-68.7 o C).
BIO-CHAR AND BIO-OIL PRODUCTION FROM PYROLYSIS OF PALM KERNEL SHELL AND POLYETHYLENE
International Journal of Conservation Science, 2023
In recent years, palm kernel shell (PKS) has become a viable feedstock for making biofuels and value-added commodities using a variety of thermal conversion routes. Therefore, significant conservation is required for PKS as a resource for fuel production in biofuel facilities. Thus, this research was intended to elucidate the effects on PKS as a solid fuel through torrefaction and the production of bio-char and bio-oil by single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and polyethylene (PE). The PKS was treated through torrefaction at different temperatures and holding times. The optimum parameters for torrefaction were a temperature of 250 o C and a holding time of 60 min. Then the PKS and PE were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor at different temperatures and ratios. The product yield was analysed for single and co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE for pyrolysis. The properties of the product composition for single and co-pyrolysis of the PKS and PE were determined by proximate analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum parameter obtained for biochar and bio-oil production from co-pyrolysis of PKS and PE was at temperature of 500 o C at a ratio of 1:2 (PKS: PE). The ester and phenol compounds were increased around 19.02 to 23.18% and 32.51 to 34.80 %, respectively, while amide and amine decreased around 4.94 to 18.87% and 0.63 to 32.39 %, respectively, compared to the single pyrolysis of PKS. Therefore, the PKS and PE co-pyrolysis significantly increased the amount of phenol and ester compounds while slightly reducing the amount of amide and amine compounds in the bio-oil product. As a conclusion, biomass conservation enables the manufacturing of value-added chemicals.
Bio-oils from pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches
2009
The palm oil industry generates an abundance of oil palm biomass such as the mesocarp fibre, shell, empty fruit bunch (EFB), frond, trunk and palm oil mill effluent (POME). For 80 million tonnes of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) processed last year, the amount of oil palm biomass was more than 25 million tones. The objectives of this study were to: (i) Determine the effect of various pyrolysis parameters on product yields and (ii) Characterise liquid product obtained under different condition. Approach: In this study, pyrolysis of oil palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) was investigated using quartz fluidized fixed bed reactor. The effects of pyrolysis temperatures, particle sizes and heating rates on the yield of the products were investigated. The temperature of pyrolysis and heating rate were varied in the range 300-700 °C and 10-100 °C min1 respectively. The particle size was varied in the range of <90, 91-106, 107-125 and 126-250 μm. The elemental analysis and calorific value of the bio-oil were determined. The chemical composition of the oil was investigated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Results: Under the experimental conditions, the maximum bio-oil yield was 42.28% obtained at 500 °C, with a heating rate of 100 °C min-1 and particle size of 91-106 μm. The calorific values of bio-oil ranged from 20-21 MJ kg-1. A great range of functional groups of phenol, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids were indicated in FTIR spectrum. Conclusion: The chemical characterisation results showed that the bio-oil obtained from oil palm EFB maybe a potentially valuable source as fuel or chemical feedstocks.
Bio-oil is a major product of biomass pyrolysis that could potentially be used in motor engines, boilers, furnaces and turbines for heat and power. Upon catalytic upgrading, bio-oils can be used as transportation fuels due to enhancement of their fuel properties. In this study, bio-oils produced from lignocellulosic biomasses such as wheat straw, timothy grass and pinewood were estimated through slow and high heating rate pyrolysis at 450 °C. The slow heating rate (2 °C/min) pyrolysis resulted in low bio-oil yields and high amount of biochars, whereas the high heating rate (450 °C/min) pyrolysis produced significant amount of bio-oils with reduced biochar yields. The physico-chemical and compositional analyses of bio-oils were achieved through carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulfur (CHNS) studies, calorific value, Fourier transform-infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The yields of bio-oils produced from the three biomasses were 40-48 wt.% through high heating rate pyrolysis and 18-24 wt.% through slow heating rate pyrolysis. The chemical components identified in bio-oils were classified into five major groups such as organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and phenols. The percent intensities of hydrogen and carbon containing species were calculated from 1 H and 13 C-NMR. The study on bio-oils from herbaceous and woody biomasses revealed their potentials for fossil fuel substitution and bio-chemical production.
Production and detailed characterization of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shell
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013
Bio-oil has been produced from palm kernel shell in a fluidized bed reactor. The process conditions were optimized and the detailed characteristics of bio-oil were carried out. The higher feeding rate and higher gas flow rate attributed to higher bio-oil yield. The maximum mass fraction of biomass (57%) converted to bio-oil at 550 C when 2 L min À1 of gas and 10 g min À1 of biomass were fed. The bio-oil produced up to 500 C existed in two distinct phases, while it formed one homogeneous phase when it was produced above 500 C. The higher heating value of bio-oil produced at 550 C was found to be 23.48 MJ kg À1. As GCeMS data shows, the area ratio of phenol is the maximum among the area ratio of identified compounds in 550 C bio-oil. The UVeFluorescence absorption, which is the indication of aromatic content, is also the highest in 550 C bio-oil.
2014
Bio-oil is a liquid fuel that can be produced from various lignocellulosic feedstocks via fast pyrolysis. It is a complex mixture comprised of hundreds of highly oxygenated organic compounds originating from lignin and carbohydrates and is recognized as a clean renewable bio-fuel, an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. It can be easily transported and used directly in boilers and modified turbines or upgraded/fractionated for drop in fuels or chemical production. Proper bio-oil characterization is important in optimizing the pyrolysis process, bio-oil upgrading and utilization, and its stabilization for long-term storage. With this in mind, research has been undertaken to develop better techniques to rapidly profile the composition of whole bio-oil samples, and an accelerated aging study performed to determine why bio-oil is unstable upon storage. Pyrolysis-GC/MS and TLC-FID were used as tools to differentiate bio-oils of different lignocellulosic biomasses, and among thermal-cracking (upgrading) fractions. Results showed that birch bio-oil had high syringol derivatives compared to pine and barley straw bio-oils which had higher guaiacol and non-methoxy-phenolic compounds, respectively, compared with birch bio-oil. TLC-FID was successful in bio-oil differentiation, showing diagnostic chromatographic profile differences. Direct infusion-ESI-ion trap MS and ESI-ion trap MS 2 were successfully used in the analysis of forest-residue bio-oil and reference bio-oils from cellulose and hardwood lignin dissolved in methanol:water. NH4Cl can be used as a dopant to distinguish carbohydrate-derived products from other bio-oil components. NaOH and NaCl dopants resulted in the highest intensity peaks in negative ion mode and positive mode, respectively. Tandem MS, that is, ESI-Ion Trap MS 2 was a successful tool for the confirmation of iii individual target ions such as levoglucosan and cellobiosan and for structural insight into lignin products. In accelerated aging (at 80 °C for 1, 3 and 7 days) studies, the physical and chemical properties of bio-oil from ash wood (produced from a pilot-scale auger pyrolyzer) and birch wood (lab-scale pyrolyzer) were monitored in order to identify the factors responsible for bio-oil instability. Water content, viscosity, and decomposition temperature (by TGA) increased for both bio-oil samples with aging. Chemical analysis showed reduction in amount of most of the bio-oil components as aging progressed, typically for are olefins and aldehydes. The oils remained a single phase throughout until the 7th day. viii 2.4. Conclusion 65 2.5. References 66 Chapter 3: Direct infusion mass spectrometric analysis of bio-oil using ESI-Ion Trap MS 69
Evaluation of Oil Palm Biomass Potential for Bio-oil Production via Pyrolysis Processes
2020
The yield and quality of bio-oil obtained from pyrolysis processes depends on many factors, including pyrolysis types, reactor types, operating conditions and biomass property. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the potential of oil palm biomass, including oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm fronds (OPF), oil palm decanter (DC) and oil palm root (OPR) for producing bio-oil via pyrolysis processes. The potential of oil palm biomass was considered in terms of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating value, equivalent heating value, Thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and lignocellulose content. The results showed that the moisture content of fried samples was in the range of 7.5-10.7% (w.b), which was relatively low and appropriate for pyrolysis. The volatile content of OPT and OPF was higher than 72% (wt.). The carbon, oxygen and hydrogen content of oil palm samples were in the range of 41.5-45.6, 30.7-40.2 and 5.7-5.9% (wt.), respectively. The higher heating value (H...
Characterizatin of bioresidues for bio oil production through pyrolysis
Biomass is a renewable resource utilized to produce energy,fuels and chemicals.In this study,25bioresidues were selected and the physical,chemical,thermal and elemental analyses of the residues were studied as per standard methods.The bio residues were pyrolyzed at450 degree C in a fixed bed reactor to produce bio oil.Among the residues,paper (pinfed computer) and Parthenium produced maximum (45%)and minimum bio oil (6.33%),respectively.Arecanut stalk,redgram stalk,rice husk,wheat husk,maize cob,coir pith,Cumbu Napier grass Co5,Prosopis wood and paper resulted in a better bio oil yield.Models were developed to predict the effect of constituents of bio residues on the yield of biooil.The volatile matter and cellulose had significant effect on biooil yield.Bio oil thus obtained can be used as fuel that may replace considerable fossil fuels.