INFLUENCE OF SEASONS AND PLANT PARTS ON THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF THE ENDEMIC SPECIES ARISTOLOCHIA KRISAGATHRA SIVARAJAN AND PRADEEP Original Article (original) (raw)

Essential oil composition ofAcorus calamus L. from the lower region of the Himalayas

Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2003

The rhizomes and leaf oils of Acorus calamus L. were analysed by GC and GC–MS; 29 and 30 constituents were identified from the rhizome and leaf oils, respectively, comprising 99.7% of each of the oils β-Asarone (83.2%) and α-asarone (9.7%) were the major constituents in the rhizome oil, while β-asarone (85.6%) and linalool (4.7%) were the major constituents in the leaf oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effect of Seasonal Variation on the Chemical Composition of Leaf Essential Oil of <i>Aframomum Latifolium </i>(K. Schum) Obtained from Southwest Nigeria

International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2023

This study was aimed at investigating effect of seasonal variation on yield and chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Aframomum Latifolium over a period of twelve months. Fresh leaves of this plant were subjected to hydrodistillation every month for a period of twelve months using an all glass Clevenger apparatus. The volatile oil obtained each month was analyzed by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The percentage oil yield ranged between 0.03-0.15 % v/w for the twelve treatments. Twenty compounds were identified in the volatile leaf oil obtained over a period of twelve months and oxygenated monoterpene was the most dominant constituent. Cajeputol, an oxygenated monoterpene has the highest percentage in the twelve treatments (39.40-45.61%). The effect of seasonal variation was established in the yield of the volatile oil in this study as the maximum yield (0.11%) (v/w) was recorded in November. There is a sudden disappearance of limonene in august and September and a rise in the level of cajeputol between august and November. The volatile oils obtained were rich in cajeputol (45.61%) and α-pinene (20.97%) and these compounds had been documented to be a cough suppressant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agents.

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Flower, Stem and Leaves of Astragalus schahrudensis Bge. from Iran

Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2007

Composition of the essential oils hydrodistilled from the aerial parts (flowers, flower buds and leaves) of Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns. & Link (Lamiaceae) growing in Jordan was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The plant was found rich in oil with yields of 4.3, 4.0 and 2.5 % (v/w) from the dried material of flowers, flower buds and leaves, respectively. Sixty-four components, representing >99.0 % of the oil, were successfully identified, with variable contents, in the oils obtained from the three parts. Terpenoid class composition was found to be comparable between the oils of the studied parts. Monoterpenoids represented the highest oil fraction of all the studied parts with a dominant level of oxygenated components. Leaf oil showed the highest contents of monoterpenoids (92.4 %), particularly, the oxygenated (71.3 %), while, the highest total phenolics (66.8 %) was observed in flower oil. Phenolic monoterpenoids, thymol and carvacrol, were always the principal oil components with respective levels of (31.9, 33.2 %), (30.8, 26.8 %), and (26.0, 37.3 %) in flowers, flower buds and leaves, respectively. Characteristic presence of the monoterpene hydrocarbons, p-cymene (6.4-11.8 %) and γ-terpinene (3.7-10.1 %) was also observed in the oils of all parts.

Seasonal and geographical variation in the chemical composition of essential oil from Allophylus edulis leaves

South African Journal of Botany, 2023

Allophylus edulis (Sapindaceae), also known as "chal-chal", "vacuum" or "cocu", is a tree widely found in Brazil whose leaves are still used in folk medicine and are rich in essential oil. The focus of this research was to investigate the chemical composition profiles of the essential oil from A. edulis leaves collected seasonally (the four seasons) in two cities. The A. edulis leaves were collected in winter (July) and spring (November) 2018 and summer (January) and autumn (May) 2019, in the cities of Bonito and Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCÀMS). The essential oil yield in this seasonal variation study consistently ranged between 0.07% and 0.6% (wet wt.) for all samples, increasing considerably with higher temperature and during the inflorescence stage. In the oil samples obtained from Dourados, the major components present were a-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, and viridiflorol with yields of 3.04À29.81% across all four seasons, being caryophyllene oxide the most abundant (20.1À29.81%). The major compound identified in the oil samples obtained from Bonito was a-zingiberene for all four seasons, though its concentrations were highest in summer (46.90%) and spring (45.05%). The chemical composition profiles of both cities' oil samples were similar, in that they shared four sesquiterpene compounds, caryophyllene oxide, germacrene D, E-caryophyllene and viridiflorol. The study highlighted that both seasonal and geographical variation can influence the chemical composition of essential oil from A. edulis.

Influence of Climatic Conditions and Phenological Stages on Chemical Composition, Essential Oils and Anatomical Characteristics of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb

Many species of Ajuga have medicinal values and widely used to treat many diseases. The medicinal values of Ajuga iva are associated with the containment of many pharmaceutical compounds as essential oils, diterpenoids, triterpenes and phenolic compounds. No information is currently available concerning the effect of different climatic conditions and phenological stages on chemical composition, essential oils or anatomical features of Ajuga iva. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different climatic conditions and phenological stages on the contents of free sugars, phytohormone and essential oils, as well as anatomical characteristics of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. The leaves of Ajuga iva, showed the presence of high frequency of trichomes in upper and lower leaf surfaces which may limit light absorption, thereby reducing the risk of photoinhibition. The results indicated that the contents of chlorophyll a, total carbohydrates and most of the detected sugars were significantly increased during the flowering stage in dry season. HPLC analysis of Ajuga extracts identified 14 phenolic compounds most of which tended to increase in the flowering stage. Where the concentrations of pyrogallol increased 3.7-fold and gallic acids increased 4.6-fold, also the concentrations of catechol and vanillic acid increased intensely 8 and 7-fold, respectively. The results indicated that the yield of essential oils of the aerial parts of Ajuga iva have depended on the phenological stages and significantly increased in winter. The data of headspace GC-MS analysis of volatile oils indicated that the essential oils of Ajuga iva were dominated by volatile monoterpenes (C10H16) which have been shown to play important ecological roles in plant defence mechanisms. Sabinene was the main constituent in the essential oil of Ajuga, followed by α-thujene and α-pinene. The results indicated that the full flowering stage was considered as an ideal period for harvesting the high yield of plant hormones, sugars and phenolic compounds, as well as α-Thujene from Ajuga iva.

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants

Lippia citriodora H.B.K is an herbal species which contains several aroma compounds and the leaves of the plant are utilized as a seasoning for food preparations and flavoring beverages. In this study, the essential oil composition of the L. citriodora growing in semi-arid ecological conditions in Diyarbakır Turkey was determined at different plant parts taken from the upper (leaves and flowers), middle (leaves), and lower portions (leaves). The highest essential oil content (3.7 µl/g in w/w) was obtained from the lower part of the plant. The essential oil of L. citriodora was analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. Although the major essential oil composition of the oil was obtained as caryophyllene oxide, limonene, geranial, and neral, caryophyllene oxide and limonene showed significant changes with respect to different plant parts. While the rate of caryophyllene oxide gradually decreases from the lower parts of the plant to the upper parts; it was observed that the limonene ratio increases towards the upper parts of the plant. Principal component analysis (PCA) on the basis of the contents of the 31 compounds showed that two principal components had an eigen value greater than 1 and the first principal component explained 80. 39% of the total variation. In addition to the remarkable chemical differences of L. citriodora essential oil regarding the caryophyllene oxide and limonene, the proportion of these compounds has been observed to be significantly higher than the literature values.

Study of essential oil bearing plants, their composition and Ayurvedic herbalism

2024

Article Information Plants are an important source of many products and play a significant role in the human lifestyle all over the world. Plants produce secondary metabolites in which essential oil is one of the important chemical constituents. It has a unique aromatic smell and is used in different industries for various biological activities. In Ayurveda, essential oil is used in aromatherapy which is an ancient therapeutic knowledge or practice for healing the health of humankind. Thus, this paper focuses on all important aspects such as essential oils and their applications, taxonomic details of essential oil-bearing plant species, IUCN status, chemical composition, and therapeutic significance.

Diurnal variation of the essential oil of four medicinal plants species in central region of Iran

Research Journal of …, 2009

The yield of the essential oil from the leaves of Eucalypt (Eucalyptus nicholii), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) and Lawson Cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) shows seasonal and diurnal variation. In order to, aerial shoots of those plants harvested in three times (6, 12 and 18) and then dried in shade condition as natural method. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation way. This research carried out with 5 replications in random completely design and amount of essential oils measured in any species base on dry mater and data analysis performed with LSD test. Amount of essential oils in both of Lawson Cypress and White Cedar species at 7 h were high in compared with other treatments in 1% level and non significant difference between 12 and 18 times in Lawson Cypress. The results indicated that maximum of essential oil in Eucalypt and Rosemary obtained in 12 and 18 times, respectively that have significant differences with other times in 1% level. According these results we conclude that for obtaining of more yields of essential oil and other volatile compounds, harvesting of matter plants must be accomplished at special time in one day.

Phytochemical analysis of the leaf volatile oil of walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) from western Himalaya

Industrial Crops and Products, 2013

The walnut tree (Juglans regia L.), commonly known as 'Akhrot' in India, is a valuable tree has a long history of medicinal use to treat a wide range of health complaints. To explore the diversity in essential oil yield and composition of J. regia, leaves were collected during spring season from 28 populations growing in western Himalaya. Comparative results showed considerable variations in the essential oil yield and composition of J. regia leaves. The essential oil yield varied from 0.02% to 0.12% in fresh leaves of the different populations of J. regia. Analysis of the essential oils by GC/FID and GC/MS and the subsequent classification by statistical analysis resulted in three clusters with significant variations in their terpenoid composition. Altogether, 70 constituents, representing 83.2-98.0% of the total oil composition, were identified and quantified. Major components of the essential oils were (E)-caryophyllene (1.4-47.9%),-pinene (4.5-39.5%), germacrene D (5.0-23.3%), ˛-pinene (1.5-18.1%), ˛-humulene (1.1-11.8%), ˛zingiberene (0.1-11.3%), ˛-copaene (0.0-10.1%), limonene (0.8-8.6%), caryophyllene oxide (0.1-8.6%), ar-curcumene (0.0-7.2%), ı-cadinene (0.3-6.7%), (E)-ˇ-farnesene (0.0-5.9%), 1,8-cineole (<0.0-5.4%),-curcumene (0.0-4.2%), and methyl salicylate (0.1-4.0%). This is the first report on leaf volatile oil composition of J. regia populations from western Himalaya. Out of the 70 identified constituents, over 25 were described for the first time for J. regia.