DISSERTATION ON AFFORDABLE URBAN HOUSING IN INDIA | An Approach to Public-Private Partnership to the affordable housing sector (original) (raw)
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AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN BANGALORE | An Approach for private -builders to the affordable housing sector
With about one in six urban Indians living in informal squatter settlements, the need for an additional number of affordable housing in India is growing exponentially. The Indian department of “Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation” (MoHUPA) launched its ambitious “Housing for All” scheme under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(PMAY) in September 2015 with the goal to make India slum-free by 2022. This scheme is based on similar former programs and shows promise regarding the number of houses that will be built with the help of the government’s credit-linked subsidies for all incomegroups in India. However, the program has many shortcomings, especially from a people-centered perspective: beneficiaries are often perceived as passive, there are few empowerment measures in the scheme, access to benefits is exclusive, and long term effects are neglected. It is concluded that PMAY 2014 is mainly an image campaign for the government and lacks sustainable elements. Even there are many issues like a private partnership and investment which are neglected in a broader perspective. This dissertation intends to suggest possible backdrop from this Housing for All scheme and suggest reforms on policy and also to increase private partnership investment in the scheme. The focus lies on potentials found in decentralized municipal policies, public-private partnerships for upgrading existing housing, as well as provide the housing shortage and providing basic facilities, and on beneficiary’s empowerment. These elements are discussed based on an inclusive and people-centered approach to development to speed up the scheme. The results of this discussion, analysis, and inference will then be abstracted into tentative suggestive guidelines on how to approach affordable housing in a developing country with private partnership and investments.
Viability of Public-Private Partnership in Building Affordable Housing in India
Affordable housing built under the public-private partnership model is facing limited success in achieving its purpose, i.e., reducing the existing urban housing shortage. Lack of physical and social infrastructure coupled with limited mobility and employment opportunities add to the existing vulnerabilities of the economically weaker sections of society for whom such housing is being constructed. Current modes of policy formulation, along with the affordable housing policies of various states, continue to promote this model of delivery which enables the use of vacant peripheral land for creating affordable housing stock. In the light of a growing urban housing shortage estimated at 18.78 million units, the viability of such modes of production need to be reexamined. Housing cannot be delinked from mobility and employment as people utilise their dwelling units not just as places to reside but also as spaces to work and generate livelihoods.
Changing paradigms of Affordable Housing in Independent India
Housing policies in India evolved with country's transformation since Independence. These policies shaped the vision of quality living and devised tools to resolve the housing need. Recently launched housing policy Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY-2015) attempts to accommodate development dynamics and aspiration of the country at present. The article would outline following objectives: a) Paradigm shifts in housing policies b) Land and Finance mechanisms in Affordable Housing (AH) c) Opportune moments to integrate sustainability: Sustainable Total Living Environment for Affordable Housing (SUSTLE-AH) model Scope for discussion in the paper is evolution of housing and AH policy, the PMAY and the SUSTLE-AH model. Review of Indian housing policy brings out broad attitudinal changes in Government's role from direct provider with social welfare approach, to facilitator. Land and finance mechanisms, earlier failed to help lower income groups to access housing due to flawed policy and its implementation. The PMAY's target to provide housing for all in 500 class I cities by 2022, is a colossal task; this requires careful treading to ensure the mission enables millions of targeted beneficiaries to possess housing. Land and finance are two biggest constraints in AH. To acquire larger parcel of land, government has devised models like Joint venture (JV), Land reform, Indirect intervention. This paper explores emerging means to access housing finance for affordable housing through PMAY. AH through PMAY presents an opportune moment for the country to provide quality living to large number of population. The SUSTLE-AH model experiments with such alternatives which duly recognize extreme variety in socio-cultural and climatic contexts in different parts of the country. The paper concludes with an overview on land, finance and sustainable concept integration in housing through PMAY.
This is a paper prepared by me for the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore-CRERI Real Estate Research Initiative. The paper is intended as a overview of the affordable housing sector with special emphasis on India. Affordable Housing is fast taking centrestage in the national agenda. In India, affordable housing is a term largely used in the urban context.Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion, which could be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of EMI size or ratio of house price to annual income. The demand drivers for affordable housing are several.Alongside the growth of the urban population, rising incomes have led to the expansion of the middle class. This has led to a spike in demand for housing that is affordable but includes basic amenities. The agencies working in the affordable housing sector can be classified into . the public sector and the private sector. Both are dogged by issues such as scarcity of land,scarcity of marketable land parcels,titling Issues, rising costs and regulatory concerns. The way forward calls for a collaborative multi-pronged multi-stakehoder approach.
Complexities of Governmental Affordable Housing Programmes for Urban Poor in Slums of India
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
In order to increase housing stock, since independence, affordable housing programmes of Government of India have evolved and refined over years based on various policies. Currently urban housing programmes have been framed on the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP), 2007 which emphasized that affordable housing is to be made available to the target group i.e. urban poor households as they lack affordability. Strategy framework of the Indian Federal Government to facilitate providing housing is multiple partnerships of States with various stakeholders. Though studies apparently indicate quantitative parameters like income as the main factor for affordability in governmental programmes, there are other affordability issues also which are neither straightforward nor quantitative but subjective and require detailed scrutiny. Moreover, problems of affordable housing in India are far more complex due to diverse ground realities. So, problems are to be looked into in an integrated manner.Article emphasises that unless these qualitative and intangible issues are understood, difficulties would persist for successful implementation of housing programmes.
Examination of Affordable Housing Policies in India
Business and Management Horizons, 2016
In this paper we critique the Government of India’s programmes for affordable housing in India, namely the Rajiv Awas Yojana and Housing for All 2022. We analyse the efficacy of these policies in being able to provide the sections of the population who are unable to avail housing from the formal market, both through direct support and most importantly in addressing the many distortions that have made the housing unnecessarily expensive, while taking away much of the value to consumers. We argue that while these programmes and policies are a major advancement over the previous approaches, they do not fully exploit the potential that is there in an increased FSI, appropriate exploitation of locational value, judicious use of government land, reform of titles and squatter rights, and more efficient land use regulations. They are also constrained by an inability to distinguish between what the markets can be coaxed to deliver and where state intervention becomes necessary.
Affordable housing development in India: A real deal for low income people?
affordable housing development in India: a real deal for low-income people? affordable housing has been the latest addition in the lexicon of Indian policy circles. as neoliberalism started gathering political and policy momentum, the discourse around low-income housing has shifted towards the government of India's agenda of 'affordable housing for all'. a stated goal of the policy is to increase housing supply, including the low-income category. today, however, the manifesting goals of affordable housing design seem to be a 'walk in two worlds', with inherent contradictions and paradoxes in the housing 'dream' currently being repackaged as affordable homes for low-income people. this paper investigates this aphorism. It argues that both affordability and housing design have several different meanings and identities. transplanting standard housing design across the board suggests a rather elementary confluence of priorities and policies that is capable of producing a range of alternative scenarios, which may not necessarily align with the goal of 'affordable housing for all'.
Affordable Housing is fast taking centre stage in the national agenda. In India, affordable housing is a term largely used in the urban context. This is more a matter of administrative logistics: at the national level, the rural housing sector falls within the purview of the Ministry of Rural Development, while the “Housing and Human Settlements” in urban areas is the jurisdiction of The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. It is the latter ministry that has spearheaded affordable housing as a concept and policy.Developing affordable housing on a large scale is the greatest challenge in urban India today, promising a solution to the proliferation of slums, unorganized real estate development, unplanned growth and transit congestion. It is vital that certain critical issues are addressed urgently to make affordable housing a possibility. Affordable housing is a larger concept than low cost housing, it includes within its ambit low and middle income group housing with a larger basic amenities like schools and hospitals. From the above, it is clear that a one size fits all approach cannot and will not work in the affordable housing sector.
Policy approaches to affordable housing in urban India: Problems and Possibilities
IIHS (2015) Policy Approaches to Affordable Housing in Urban India. IIHS: Bangalore., 2015
This publication is a 2015 team-authored policy paper on approaches to affordable housing policy that takes on ten dynamics that shape the context of addressing the housing question through state practice. It is written jointly by faculty at the Indian Institute for Human Settlements. Suggested Citations therefore should be IIHS (2015) Policy Approaches to Affordable Housing in Urban India. IIHS: Bangalore.