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A Study of Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks
The seamless integration of low-power, miniaturised, invasive/non-invasive lightweight sensor nodes have contributed to the development of a proactive and unobtrusive Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN provides long-term health monitoring of a patient without any constraint on his/her normal dailylife activities. This monitoring requires low-power operation of invasive/non-invasive sensor nodes. In other words, a power-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is required to satisfy the stringent WBAN requirements including low-power consumption. In this paper, we first outline the WBAN requirements that are important for the design of a low-power MAC protocol. Then we study low-power MAC protocols proposed/investigated for WBAN with emphasis on their strengths and weaknesses. We also review different power-efficient mechanisms for WBAN. In addition, useful suggestions are given to help the MAC designers to develop a low-power MAC protocol that will satisfy the stringent...
A Review of Energy Efficiency in Wireless Body Area/Sensor Networks, With Emphasis on MAC Protocol
Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing (AETiC), 2020
The increasing use of wireless communication and the continuous miniaturisation of electronics devices have brought about the concept of Wireless Body Area Network (WBANs). In these types of networks, the sensor node operates in close proximity to the body and also the wireless nature of the system presents various novel, real-time and new methods to improve health care delivery. The sensor is capable of measuring any parameter which it has been designed to read, for example the heartrate and the body temperature. This paper presents a review of the concept of WBANs with a focus on the mechanism of data communication over the wireless medium. Further, it examines ways to power such devices, in particular focusing on minimisation of energy requirements, thereby reducing maintenance demands and contributing to making the environment 'greener'.
Energy-Efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey
With recent advances in wireless networking, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) became practically feasible. This paper presents a survey about energy-efficient MAC protocols for WBANs. The importance and significance of MAC protocols are discussed. Several methods that provide energy efficiency for WBANs are identified. Also highlights features of various existing MAC protocols along with their advantages and limitations.
ï€ Abstract—Increasing developments in wireless communication has led to emergence of advanced technologies like Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). It is now possible to monitor a critical patient remotely at a far distance using WBAN. WBAN nodes are battery powered and charging and replacement of the battery is not feasible as some nodes may be implanted inside a human body. It is required to design energy efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to control the radio communications for the enhancement of lifetime of network. This paper reviews some of the most recent energy efficient MAC protocols, and discusses their advantages and limitations as well as mentioning some important characteristics of MAC protocols.
Energy Efficient MAC Protocols in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks-A Survey
In this paper, we first presented an analytically discussion about energy efficiency of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs). For this purpose, different energy efficient MAC protocols with their respective energy optimization techniques; Low Power Listening (LPL), Scheduled Contention and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), are elaborated. We also analytically compared path loss models for In-body, On-body and Off-body communications in WBASNs. These three path loss scenarios are simulated in MATLAB and results shown that path loss is more in In-body communication because of less energy level to take care of tissues and organs located inside human body. Secondly, power model for WBASNs of Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) and beacon mode is also presented. MATLAB simulations results shown that power of CSMA/CA mode is less as compared to beacon mode. Finally, we suggested that hybrid mode is more useful to achieve optimization in power consumption, which consequently results in high energy efficiency.
Towards Power Efficient MAC Protocol for In-Body and On-Body Sensor Networks
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2009
This paper presents an empirical discussion on the design and implementation of a power-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for in-body and on-body sensor networks. We analyze the performance of a beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4, PB-TDMA, and S-MAC protocols for on-body sensor networks. We further present a Traffic Based Wakeup Mechanism that utilizes the traffic patterns of the BAN Nodes (BNs) to accommodate the entire BSN traffic. To enable a logical connection between different BNs working on different frequency bands, a method called Bridging function is proposed. The Bridging function integrates all BNs working on different bands into a complete BSN.
A power efficient MAC protocol for wireless body area networks
2012
Applications of wearable and implanted wireless sensor devices are hot research area. A specialized field called the body area networks (BAN) has emerged to support this area. Managing and controlling such a network is a challenging task. An efficient media access control (MAC) protocol to handle proper management of media access can considerably improve the performance of such a network. Power consumption and delay are major concerns for MAC protocols in a BAN. Low cost wakeup radio module attached with sensor devices can help reduce power consumption and prolong the network lifetime by reducing idle state power consumption and increasing sleep time of a BAN node. In this article, we propose a new MAC protocol for BAN using out of band (on-demand) wakeup radio through a centralized and coordinated external wakeup mechanism. We have compared our method against some existing MAC protocols. Our method is found to be efficient in terms of power consumption and delay.
A Comprehensive Survey of Wireless Body Area Networks
Journal of Medical Systems
Recent advances in microelectronics and integrated circuits, system-on-chip design, wireless communication and intelligent low-power sensors have allowed the realization of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN is a collection of low-power, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive lightweight wireless sensor nodes that monitor the human body functions and the surrounding environment. In addition, it supports a number of innovative and interesting applications such as ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, interactive gaming, and military applications. In this paper, the fundamental mechanisms of WBAN including architecture and topology, wireless implant communication, low-power Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols are reviewed. A comprehensive study of the proposed technologies for WBAN at Physical (PHY), MAC, and Network layers is presented and many useful solutions are discussed for each layer. Finally, numerous WBAN applications are highlighted.
Energy-Efficient Low Duty Cycle MAC Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 2009
This paper presents an energy-efficient medium access control protocol suitable for communication in a wireless body area network for remote monitoring of physiological signals such as EEG and ECG. The protocol takes advantage of the static nature of the body area network to implement the effective time-division multiple access (TDMA) strategy with very little amount of overhead and almost no idle listening (by static, we refer to the fixed topology of the network investigated). The main goal is to develop energy-efficient and reliable communication protocol to support streaming of large amount of data. TDMA synchronization problems are discussed and solutions are presented. Equations for duty cycle calculation are also derived for power consumption and battery life predictions. The power consumption model was also validated through measurements. Our results show that the protocol is energy efficient for streaming communication as well as sending short bursts of data, and thus can be used for different types of physiological signals with different sample rates. The protocol is implemented on the analog devices ADF7020 RF transceivers.
MAC (Medium Access Control) Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey
JETIR (ISSN-2349-5162), 2015
This paper, explain a comprehensive survey of recent medium access control (MAC) Protocols for wireless body area networks (WBANs) and presents a comparison of the various approaches pursued. Apart for this, we outline the crucial attributes for a good MAC. Then, we investigate few MAC Based protocols devised for WBAN by emphasizing their Merit and Demerits. As a conclusion, we put forward a number of open research challenges with regard to prospects of medium access techniques and other issues.