BREEDING OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS-AN OVERVIEW (original) (raw)
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BREEDING OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS (VOLUME -2) Editor's Name: Vasanthkumar SS Pooja UK
As the editor of "Breeding of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops," I am honored to present this comprehensive volume, a collaborative effort that brings together the collective wisdom and expertise of esteemed contributors in the field. "Breeding of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops" is a book for postgraduate and PhD students specializing in the cultivation of spices, medicinal, and aromatic crops, aiming to fill a gap in accessible literature. The book offers a comprehensive understanding of breeding methodologies, crop improvement strategies, and medicinal crop cultivation, aiming to inspire postgraduate and PhD students in this specialized field, enriching their studies and guiding them through the intricacies. The compilation aims to provide affordable resources for breeding of medicinal and aromatic crops, democratizing access to knowledge without financial barriers. It serves as a companion in students' educational journey and a catalyst for innovation and discovery, making it an invaluable academic companion in the future of agriculture and healthcare. The book offers a comprehensive understanding of crop improvement techniques and breeding methodologies, focusing on traditional methods, molecular techniques, genomic tools, and sustainable practices. It emphasizes the importance of innovation and adaptability in agricultural practices, highlighting the complexities of breeding methodologies. The authors' contributions showcase their dedication to advancing the field of medicinal and aromatic crops. This compilation is a valuable resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and enthusiasts, offering insights into breeding medicinal and aromatic crops. It aims to inspire future generations to continue excellence in breeding practices.
Conventional Genetic Improvement Methods in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Review
International Journal of Economic Plants
The collection of medicinal and aromatic plants from the wild has been declining during the last decade; therefore it is necessary to develop highly productive cultivars, combined with appropriate cultivation and intensive agricultural techniques. Majority of the improved cultivars of medicinal and aromatic plants under cultivation have been created by conventional selection methods including individual, mass or special selection methods. Furthermore, outstanding results have been reported through hybridization and mutation. Highly productive cultivars of Mentha spicata, Ocimum americanum and Salvia officinalis have been developed through selection. Improved strains of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Melissa officinalis, Solanum laciniatum and Thymus vulagaris through intraspecific crossing resulting in changes in their active agents have been developed. Mutation breeding using physical and chemical mutagens have been successfully employed in Jasminum grandiflorum and Mentha arvensis. Hybrids...
The “polyploid effect” in the breeding of aromatic and medicinal species
Scientia Horticulturae, 2020
The secondary metabolism of plants delivers a wide range of chemical structures with application for a vast array of activities, thus offering opportunities for social and economic development. Polyploidy is the possession of three or more complete sets of chromosomes. The duplication of the genome, and its possible adaptive advantages, has been an important factor in the speciation and evolution of eukaryotes. The generation of synthetic polyploids as a plant breeding strategy has enabled the development of new and improved cultivars. The aim of this paper is to examine the state-of-the-art concerning the application of polyploidization techniques as a breeding tool and its effects on the phenotypical, biochemical and genetic characteristics in some medicinal aromatic plant (MAP) species to explore our current knowledge of the possible mechanisms involved. Over the last years, new studies have demonstrated that autopolyploidization can remodel the transcriptome and the metabolome generating genomic stress. Consequently, polyploidism can also result in a wide spectrum of modifications, both molecular and physiological, with non-linear results and consequences that also depend on the experimental conditions. Likewise, concepts such as genomic shock and genome fluidity are also involved in this phenomenon, which further increase the complexity of the process.
International Journal of Radiation Biology
Purpose: The nature and kind of some successful mutations achieved through gamma radiation at CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow are reviewed and described in this article. Medicinal and aromatic crops (MACs) came under the mutation-breeding program very lateperhaps during the 1980s in India. Nevertheless, successes have been glaring and unique too. The plant breeders of the Institute concerted attempts were made for the genetic restructuring of the plant-frame in Hyoscyamus niger L. (black henbane) and Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa), enhanced alkaloid biosynthesis in henbane, weak, or lack of latex biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum L. (Opium poppy), increased productivity of seeds in Plantago ovata F. (isabgol), and new/increased formation of essential oils in Chamomila recutita [L.] Rauschert (Chamomile) and Cymbopogon winterianus (Java citronella). Several qualitative macro mutations were generated for commercial exploitation, e.g. an unbranched (Ub) and physiologically most efficient variety Aekla and high tropane alkaloid bearing variety Aela of H. niger, opium less oilseed variety Sujata of opium poppy, a dwarf mutant and a male sterile (ms) line of palmarosa, and new compound yielding variety of chamomile and geranium. Conclusions: The ample quantitative variation was also created by reshuffling the polygenic background in both seed and vegetatively propagated MACs, and subsequently, with applying mutation breeding approach superior varieties were evolved and released after a rigorous screening in the field-evaluation or under pipeline for release. These varieties are Niharika and Mayuri of psyllium; Vallary, CIMAP Sammohak, CIM Ujjwala, and YEL (yellow) of German chamomile and Manjari and CIM Jeeva of Java citronella.
National conference on " Conservation, Cultivation and Utilization of medicinal and Aromatic plants"
Variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing characters in Embelia ribes Burm f. – An endangered medicinal plant
Variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing characters in Embelia ribes Burm f. – An endangered medicinal plant Shruthi AM, Raviraja Shetty G and PE Rajasekharan Abstract The experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 at Division of Plant Genetic Resources, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (ICAR-IIHR), Hessarghatta, Bengaluru. Genotypic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing traits were studied in five Embelia ribes Burm f. accessions. Data were recorded for plant height (m), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), petiole length (cm), leaf area (cm 2), number of inflorescence per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter(cm), seed length(cm), seed weight, fruit yield (kg/plant). Among different yield attributing characters studied, the highest magnitude of PCV and GCV were recorded in leaf area (6.43 and 5.73 %), number of inflorescence per plant (46.35 and 45.10 %) and fruit yield per plant (48.67 and 48.24 %). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent over mean was recorded for the characters viz., leaf width (99.00 %), petiole length (91.00%), plant height (95.20 %), number of inflorescence per plant (95.00 %), fruit weight (91.02) and fruit yield per plant (98.22 %).Hence, these characters were predominantly governed by additive gene action and could be used as a selection criterion for breeding programmes in the future.
A New Look at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Acta Horticulturae, 2011
Herbs, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) have maintained their traditional basic curative role while new trends seek natural alternatives with lesser side effects to using conventional drugs. Besides their traditional culinary and food industry uses, MAPs are intensively consumed as food supplements (food additives). In animal husbandry, feed-additives are used to replace synthetic chemicals and production increasing hormones. Nearly unlimited and increasing huge demand have led to the overexploitation of natural resources, thus endangering not only plant species but incomes, even livelihoods, especially in developing countries. A New Look, a different holistic focus and R+D action is needed to sustain an energetic and socioeconomically sound MAPs sector. Guided by international standards (e.g., ISSC-MAP, GA(C)P, FairWild), the sustainable exploitation and management of MAP natural resources have become an imperative from both environment protection and socioeconomic points of view. The raw material supplies should be secured by conserving and improving the germplasm of cultivated species, and using both in situ and/or ex-situ technologies. There is a strong demand on the domestication/introduction into cultivation of presently wildcrafted species. Sophisticated in vitro propagation and breeding (selection) technologies aided by advanced phytochemical and molecular biological analytical techniques can further assist this progress. There is also a need to ensure the quality of medicinal plant products by using modern control techniques and applying suitable standards. Based on the already available modern sample preparation techniques (e.g., SPME, SFE, PLE, MAE and SME), the study of the plant metabolome has already yielded successes. Advances in plant genomics and metabolite profiling, also seem to offer unprecedented possibilities in exploring the extraordinary complexity of plant biochemical capacity. State-of-the-art genomics tools can be used to enhance the production of known target metabolites and/or to synthesize entire novel compounds in cultivated plant cells by the so-called combinatorial biochemistry. Ultimate goal of these efforts should be to help improve the traceability and safety (reliability) of natural products, as well as the appropriate policies and legal frameworks to guide the protection, production (including organic production), trade, and applications of medicinal and aromatic plant materials.
Genetic Resources of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Brazil
2004
Albania is a country of rich natural genetic diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants, which are grown over a wide range of ecological habitats in the country, in wild habitats, in forest habitats, on the hills and mountains habitats. Medicinal and aromatic plants have a major contribution to the growth of agricultural products in all regions of Albania. National collection of medicinal and aromatic plants is represented by more than 300 species, with the ex situ status of conservation, and in situ and on farm status of conservation. The ex situ seed collections of medicinal and aromatic plants stored in Albanian Gene Bank is represented by 450 accessions, including 17 genus and species. In the last two decades several of medicinal and aromatic plants are affected by the phenomena of genetic erosion, and 68 endangered species were included in the National Red Book List.
Horticulturae, 2021
Medicinal plants are a vital source of new bioactive compounds due to their ecological biodiversity and varied chemical properties of each species. Phenotypic selection coupled with the evaluation of genotypes based on the chemical profile can be used for the development of a high-yielding variety. However, most of the raw material that has been used for commercial production of herbal products is mainly derived from wild sources, with little knowledge of the quality of genetic materials. Thus, three medicinal species, Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), Andrographis paniculata (Creat), and Baeckea frutescens (False ru), were chosen based on their significant benefits to human health. These medicinal species have been traditionally used to treat various illnesses, and have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. This paper highlights the harvesting method and collection of accessions from natural habitats for the selection of supe...
Latin American and Caribbean Bulletin of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2018
Medicinal and aromatic plants are biologically and economically valuable species because of their intrinsic value as plants, ability to produce secondary metabolites, possible use in the pharmaceutical and food industries, germplasm availability and applications in traditional medicine. In addition, they hold social and economic importance due to the ancestral knowledge they represent and because they are part of the livelihood of many families. Most of them are collected from the wild and are in serious danger of extinction. Through biotechnological tools it is possible to develop their germplasm and obtain new and improved varieties from wild material, while advocating the alternative of production by cultivation instead of extracting it from nature. The objective of this review is to provide an updated perspective on the traditional uses, conservation status and biotechnological advances in a group of 30 plant species native to the American continent.