Characterisation and quality assessment of groundwater with a special emphasis on irrigation utility Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamil Nadu, India (original) (raw)
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Earth Science India, 2018
Study of physiochemical properties of groundwater in an area of 1000 sq km around Agra city, Uttar Pradesh, India was carried out to decipher the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. About 78% of the study area is utilized for agriculture and most of the crops are irrigated with tubewells (i.e. from groundwater sources). Therefore, it is important to study the quality and suitability of the groundwater for this purpose. Since the area falls under the Semi-arid zone, the average frequency of irrigation is high for the crops being harvested, the proper soil management is needed for sustainable agricultural development of the area. A total of 200 groundwater samples were collected (pre-and post-monsoon) from hand pumps, submersible pumps, and irrigation tubewells as per the availability on a grid pattern between the periods of June 2012 to February 2014. The samples were analyzed for major, traces and other physical properties of the water like pH, TDS, and electrical conductivity. To evaluate the quality of the groundwater different irrigational parameters like Electrical Conductivity (EC), Kelly's Ratio, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values, Magnesium Adsorption Ratio and Sodium Percentage were worked out. Wilcox diagram indicates that 18% of water samples fall in unsuitable class while 14% samples are in Doubtful to Unsuitable class while about 47% of samples are good to permissible for irrigation. USSL diagram shows that the majority of the samples fall in S1C3 (50.5%) and S2C4 (20.3%) and only 2.3% samples are falling in S1C2 Class with low alkali and medium salinity hazard. Therefore, the majority of the water sources are either unsuitable for irrigation or may be used with adequate management of drainage and salinity treatments. The Magnesium Adsorption Ration of the samples is even worse and more than 90% samples are failing this parameter for irrigation. 51% samples are showing Kelly's ratio of >1, failing to qualify the standard for irrigation water. Doneen's plot indicates that 39.3% of water samples are falling in Class-III field with <25% maximum permeability which is not suitable for irrigation in normal conditions.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
A baseline study involving analyses of subsurface water samples from the Mingoa river basin (longitude: 11˚30′E; latitude: 3˚52′N) in migmatitic complex in Yaounde Cameroon (central Africa) was carried out to assess their suitability for drinking, domestic and agricultural purposes. Study results show that pH is ranged between 5.1≤ pH ≤ 5.8 and then, induces acidic waters. Groundwater samples are generally characterized by low conductivity values, of which 100% are within the range (55 ≤ EC ≤ 1500 µS/cm). The mean values of the major cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + ) and anions ( , Cl -, 3 ) are all within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Two of the springs sampled have nitrate ( 3 ) contamination. Even though 3 2 4 SO HCO
Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 2010
In the present paper, an attempt has been made to work-out the groundwater suitability for irrigation representing froma totalareaof about340.46Km2in upperThirumanimuthar sub-basin,CauveryRiver.51 groundwatersamples were collected during pre monsoon (May) 2007 and analysed for major cations and anions. The irrigational parameters like; EC, Kelley's ratio, SAR values, Mg-hazards, HCO) and RSC have been worked out to know the suitability of the groundwater for irrigational purpose. The study has shown salinity of groundwater under "increasing problem" zone at majority of sites. The groundwater falls under class-I (Doneen's) good to permissible (Wilcox) zone indicating that it is good for irrigation use as per the classifications of Doneen' s Permeability Index and Wilcox diagram interpretation. It is found that the SAR values when plotted in the USSL Staff diagram belong to C)-S, (58.82) and C2-S, (1.96%) classes indicating that the groundwater could be used for all types of crops on soils of medium to high permeability. However, the concentration of bicarbonate was in significant amount showing 56.86% of sites under "increasing problem" and the 43.14% sites under "Severe Problem" zones. The residual sodium carbonatevalues of the all groundwater samples are within safe category except two samples. In the present study, it is evident that high salinity of groundwater persists at majority of the sites. Hence, for high to very high salinity of groundwater, soil must be permissible with adequate drainage facilities to ensure satisfactory crop growth.
In the present paper, an attempt has been made to work-out the groundwater suitability for irrigation representing froma totalareaof about340.46Km2in upperThirumanimutharsub-basin,CauveryRiver.51 groundwatersamples were collected during pre monsoon (May) 2007 and analysed for major cations and anions. The irrigational parameters like; EC, Kelley's ratio, SAR values, Mg-hazards, HCO) and RSC have been worked out to know the suitability of the groundwater for irrigational purpose. The study has shown salinity of groundwater under "increasing problem" zone at majority of sites. The groundwater falls under class-I (Doneen's) good to permissible (Wilcox) zone indicating that it is good for irrigation use as per the classifications of Doneen' s Permeability Index and Wilcox diagram interpretation. It is found that the SAR values when plotted in the USSL Staff diagram belong to C)-S, (58.82) and C2-S, (1.96%) classes indicating that the groundwater could be used for all types of crops on soils of medium to high permeability. However, the concentration of bicarbonate was in significant amount showing 56.86% of sites under "increasing problem" and the 43.14% sites under "Severe Problem" zones.The residual sodium carbonatevalues of the all groundwater samples are within safe category except two samples. In the present study, it is evident that high salinity of groundwater persists at majority of the sites. Hence, for high to very high salinity of groundwater, soil must be permissible with adequate drainage facilities to ensure satisfactory crop growth.
Groundwater quality assessment from a hard rock terrain, Salem district of Tamilnadu, India
Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2011
A total of 162 groundwater samples for three representative seasons were collected from Salem district of Tamilnadu, India to decipher hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural proposes. The water is neutral to alkaline in nature with pH ranging from 6.6 to 8.6 with an average of 8.0. Higher electrical conductivity was observed during post-monsoon season. The abundance of major ions in the groundwater was in the order of Na > Ca > Mg > K ¼ Cl > HCO 3 > SO 4 > NO 3 . Piper plot reveals the dominance of geochemical facies as mixed Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Cl, Ca-HCO 3 , Ca-Na-HCO 3 , and Ca-Cl type. NO 3 , Cl, SO 4 , and F exceed the permissible limit during summer and post-monsoon seasons. Sodium adsorption ratio was higher during post-monsoon and southwest monsoon season indicating high and low salinity, satisfactory for plants having moderate salt tolerance on soils. Permeability index of water irrespective of season falls in class I and class II indicating water is moderate to good for irrigation purposes. As per the classification of water for irrigation purpose, water is fit for domestic and agricultural purposes with minor exceptions irrespective of seasons.
Arabian Journal of Geosciences
A hydrogeochemical investigation was conducted in a coastal region of Cuddalore district to identify the influence of saltwater intrusion and suitability of groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes. The geology of the study area comprises of sandstone, clay, alluvium, and laterite soils of Tertiary and Quaternary age. A total of 18 groundwater samples were analyzed for 14 different water quality parameters and the result indicates higher concentrations of ions like Cl (3,509 mg/l), Na (3,123 mg/l), and HCO3 (998 mg/l) when compared with WHO, BIS, and ISI standards. A positive correlation (r 2 = 0.82) was observed between Na and Cl, indicating its sources from salt water intrusion. Three factors were extracted with a total variance of 64% which indicates the sources of salinization, cation exchange, and anthropogenic impact to the groundwater. The Piper trilinear diagram indicates both Na–Cl and mixed Na–HCO3–Cl-type, indicating that groundwater was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities. The plot of (Ca + Mg)/(K + Na) indicates evidences of cation exchange and salt water intrusion. The (Ca–0.33*HCO3)/ SO4 plot indicates salt water intrusion for elevated SO4 levels rather than gypsum dissolution. The spatial distribution of total dissolved solid indicates the saline water encroachment along the SW part of the study area. As per sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), 50% of the samples with <10 SAR are suitable for irrigation and >10 SAR indicates that water is unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The residual sodium carbonate classification indicates that 50% of the samples fall in safe and 50% of the samples fall in bad zones and prolonged usage of this water will affect the crop yield. The Chloro Alkaline Index of water indicates disequilibrium due to a higher ratio of Cl > Na–K, indicating the influence of salt water intrusion. The Permeability Index of the groundwater indicates that the groundwater from the study area is moderate to good for irrigation purposes.
Materials Today: Proceedings, 2022
Groundwater is an indispensable source of water due to its substantial use for domestic, irrigation, and industrial purpose. This study is determined to examine the irrigation quality of groundwater in the seasons of pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) in the year 2013 at Pennagaram block of Dharmapuri district, Tamilnadu. A few samples of groundwater from the study area are analyzed for their physicochemical parameters (APHA, 1998). The parameters to examine irrigation quality of the samples taken in this study are Cl À /HCO 3 À ratio, percent sodium (%Na), Index of Base Exchange (IBE), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Kelly's ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Potential Salinity (PS), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Salinity Index and Sodicity Index. The classification of groundwater samples for irrigation was identified using the USSL Diagram, Doneen's plot, and Wilcox diagram. The spatial distribution map gives a clear depiction of the groundwater quality for irrigation purposes, in both seasons. The plot of Cl À /HCO 3 À versus Cl À indicates that the groundwater samples are strongly affected by salinity. It illustrates the exchangeable mechanism which has one of the responses for the chemical composition of groundwater in the study area. According to %Na, RSC, KR, SAR, PI, MR, Salinity index, and Sodicity index makes the groundwater of the study area was safe for irrigation. According to the results of PS and Sodicity index the groundwater of marginal quality i.e., closely unfit for irrigational purpose.
International Journal of Chemical Studies
In present study, the quality of groundwater for irrigation in Bhopalgarh tehsil of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan was examined. Bhopalgarh tehsil bounded by Nagaur district to the north and east, Pipar city tehsil to the south, Jodhpur tehsil to the southwest and Bawadi tehsil to the west. Georeferenced sixty water samples of tube well/open well were collected from different villages where the waters are being used for irrigation for last few years. The water samples were analyzed for various chemical properties like EC, pH, major cations: Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + and anions: CO3 2-, HCO3-, Cland SO4 2-. Subsequently, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), adjusted SAR, potential salinity and Mg/Ca ratio were also calculated. The quality of irrigation water was categorized on the basis of salinity (EC), sodicity (SAR) and alkalinity (RSC) into 4 salinity (C-1 to C-4) classes, 4 sodicity (S-0 to S-3) classes and 3 alkalinity (A-1 to A-3) classes, respectively. Besides this, the quality of irrigation water was also categorized on the basis of the EC, SAR and RSC into six classes viz. good, High-SAR saline, marginally saline, marginally alkali, alkali and highly alkali. The results showed that 21.66 percent water samples were good, 15 percent water samples were marginally saline, 48.33 percent water samples were High-SAR saline, 8.33 percent water samples were marginally alkali, 3.33 percent water samples were alkali and 3.33 percent water samples were highly alkali in nature and it is found that most of the irrigation water came under high-SAR saline category.
Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2016
Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and its suitability for domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes were evaluated in Nanded Tehsil. A total of 50 representative groundwater samples were collected from dug/bore wells during post monsoon season 2012 and analyzed for major cations and anions. The order of dominance of cation and anions were Na > Ca > Mg > K and HCO 3 > Cl > CO 3 > SO 4 > NO 3 , respectively. The rock weathering and evaporation processes are dominant in controlling the groundwater quality in the study area. Electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solid (TDS) show high positive correlation with total Hardness (TH), Ca, Na, and Cl. As per the WHO and BIS standards for domestic water purposes, TDS, TH, Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl exceed the safe limits in 16, 22, 6, 18, 12, and 15 %, respectively; therefore, majority of samples show that the groundwater is suitable for drinking. The spatial distribution maps of physicochemical parameters were prepared in ArcGIS. The suitability of groundwater for agriculture purpose was evaluated from EC, TDS, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and %Na which ranges from excellent to unsuitable, so majority of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. The U.S. Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram shows that most of the groundwater samples are characterized as in high salinity-low sodium hazard type water (C 3-S 1). All the groundwater samples are suitable for industrial use except sample numbers 44 and 48. Thus, most of the groundwater samples from this study confirm the beneficial use of aquifers in the area for domestic, agricultural, and irrigation purposes. However, sample numbers 44 and 48 identify the two aquifers in the study area which are problematic and need particular remedial measures if they are to have beneficial use.