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Plants as a promising source for the treatment of parkinson disease: A systemic review
IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advanced Pharmacology
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of the nigrostriatal system's pigmented dopaminergic neurons with a subsequent drop in dopamine. PD refers to such motor disorders such as resting tremor, muscle stiffness, and slow motion. Recent studies have shown that there has been an increasing interest in natural products particularly plants, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The anti-PD effects of these natural products are considered to be due to their regulation ability; development of reactive oxygen species, neuroinflammation, production of dopamine, excitotoxicity, metal homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and cellular signaling pathways, all of which are disordered in the PD brain. This review explores neuronal degeneration observed in Parkinson's disease has been slowed down or reversed by medicinal plants and natural products and their constituents.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder, which is neuropathologically identified by age-dependent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Development of symptomatic treatments has been partly successful for PD research, but there remain a number of inadequacies in therapeutic strategies for the disease. The pathogenesis of PD remains intricate, and the present anti-PD treatments appears to be clinically insufficient. Comprehensive research on discovery of novel drug candidates has demonstrated that natural products, such as medicinal herbs, plant extracts, and their secondary metabolites, have great potential as therapeutics with neuroprotective activity in PD. Recent preclinical studies suggest that a number of herbal medicines and their bioactive ingredients can be developed into optimum pharmaceuticals for treating PD. In many countries, traditional herbal medicines are used to prevent or treat neurodegenerative disorders, and some have been developed as nutraceuticals or functional foods. Here we focus on recent advances of the evidence-linked neuroprotective activity of bioactive ingredients of herbal origin in cellular and animal models of PD research.
Multifunctional role of natural products for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: At a glance
Frontiers in Pharmacology
Natural substances originating from plants have long been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a ND. The deterioration and subsequent cognitive impairments of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons distinguish by this characteristic. Various pathogenic mechanisms and critical components have been reported, despite the fact that the origin is unknown, such as protein aggregation, iron buildup, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Anti-Parkinson drugs like dopamine (DA) agonists, levodopa, carbidopa, monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors and anticholinergics are used to replace DA in the current treatment model. Surgery is advised in cases where drug therapy is ineffective. Unfortunately, the current conventional treatments for PD have a number of harmful side effects and are expensive. As a result, new therapeutic strategies that control the mechanisms that contribute to neuronal death and dysfunction must be addre...
Review of natural products on Parkinson's disease pathology
This review examines evidence of plant-derived natural products and their constituents that have been shown to slow down or reverse the underlying neuronal degeneration observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), with a focus on their effect on the modulation of dopaminergic neurotransission levels and motor function. During the last decade, there have been over 140 studies published that have investigated the anti-PD therapeutic potential of herbs, fruits, vegetables and spices, ornamental and parasitic plants, and fungi. Empirical evidence implicates phytochemicals may play a role in the prevention and mitigation of some of the intractable signs and symptoms of PD. The anti-PD effects exhibited by these natural products are considered to be due to their ability to modulate; reactive oxygen species production, neuroinflammation, dopamine production, excitotoxicity, metal homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and cellular signaling pathways, which are all disrupted in the PD brain. However, the precise neuroprotective mechanism of action of natural products for PD remains unclear. Research is necessary to further elucidate the mechanisms by which these compounds are efficacious in attenuating PD or controlling PD-related symptoms.
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder, which is neuropathologically identified by age-dependent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Development of symptomatic treatments has been partly successful for PD research, but there remain a number of inadequacies in therapeutic strategies for the disease. The pathogenesis of PD remains intricate, and the present anti-PD treatments appears to be clinically insufficient. Comprehensive research on discovery of novel drug candidates has demonstrated that natural products, such as medicinal herbs, plant extracts, and their secondary metabolites, have great potential as therapeutics with neuroprotective activity in PD. Recent preclinical studies suggest that a number of herbal medicines and their bioactive ingredients can be developed into optimum pharmaceuticals for treating PD. In many countries, traditional herbal medicines are used to prevent or treat neurodegenerative disorders, and some have been developed as nutraceuticals or functional foods. Here we focus on recent advances of the evidence-linked neuroprotective activity of bioactive ingredients of herbal origin in cellular and animal models of PD research.
The potential role of herbal products in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
La Clinica terapeutica, 2018
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder of the nervous system in which there is a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. There is a disturbance in the movement in PD and these include resting tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia or akinesia, disturbance, posture and freezing (motor block). The substantia nigra and other parts of the brain are commonly affected. The disorder could be related to oxidative stress and there is an important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A number of herbal products contain active components which are known to possess antioxidant action. Hence, the potential role of herbal products in treating PD cannot be undermined. In the present narrative review, the main aim is to discuss the pathogenesis of PD, define the role of different potential herbal extracts on its pathogenesis which may form the basis of treatment. We also discuss in detail the active chemical compounds present each herb which are effective in the treatment of PD. The...
Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin
have been shown to play a vital role in survival of neurons and alleviation of PD syptomes. 12,13 Recently, the strong neuro-protective effect of medicinal plants extracts and phytochemicals in reduction of PD signs due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties has been heighlited in various studies. 14-16 Phytochemicals such as thymoquinone (TQ), crocin, curcumin and polyphenols have been shown to have cosidarable protective effects on nervous system via moulation oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. 17-20 Therefore, the present review was aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants and ingredients on PD. Methods The data narrated in our review were assembled from databases PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar until the end of May 2019. Data consist of animal and clinical researches. Letter to the editors and non-English language articles were not considered. Mucuna pruriens Mucuna pruriens from the Fabaceae family has been used in Indian traditional medicine for curing diseases such as PD (see Figure 1). 21 One of the principal constitutes of this plant is L-dopa. 22 The administration of food endocarp of M. pruriens seeds (5 g/kg) combined with carbidopa (50
South African Journal of Botany, 2019
Parkinson's disease, characterised by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain, is attributed to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. As no cure is available, and dopamine-replacement therapy only offers symptomatic relief, other avenues of treatment are sought. Acokanthera oppositifolia, Boophone disticha and Xysmalobium undulatum are used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of neurological disorders, however, these plants have not been assessed in vitro for cytoprotective activity. The aim of the study was to assess the cytoprotective activity of these three plants in an in vitro SH-SY5Y cellular model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Plant material was extracted using acetone and methanol ultrasonic maceration. Cytotoxicity was induced by exposing cells to 33.3 μM 6-OHDA for 2 h, followed by 24 h incubation with the crude extracts. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography high definition mass spectrometry was used for tentative identification of phytochemicals. Cytoprotection was initially assessed using the sulforhodamine B staining assay to determine concentration ranges. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, intracellular Ca 2+ flux and ATP levels were assessed using the JC-1 ratiometric, dihydrodichlorofluorescein cleavage, monochlorobamine adduct formation, Fura-2AM and bioluminescence assays, respectively. Cell morphology was visualized using polarisation-optical transmitted light differential interference contrast microscopy. Several phytochemicals were tentatively identified that are known markers in the plant species, however, little difference was noted between the acetone and methanol extracts qualitatively. Extracts reduced cell density by 91%, increased ROS (217.7%) and GSH (102.1%) levels. Mitochondrial depolarisation (54.2%) was evident. Crude extracts attenuated cytotoxicity by reducing ROS and sustaining ATP production, however, no alteration to MMP was observed. Furthermore, Ca 2+ effects were maintained by B. disticha and X. undulatum, but reduced by A. oppositifolia. Morphological changes, characteristic of cytotoxicity, was observed when exposed to 6-OHDAin the micrographs. Intermediate-polarity extracts reduced the detrimental effects associated with 6-OHDAinduced cytotoxicity. Xysmalobium undulatum (5 μg/mL) displayed the greatest level of cytoprotection, however, the inherent cytotoxicity may limit the usefulness of extracts during treatment of disease. Although none of the plant extracts showed potential to reverse in vitro characteristics of Parkinson's disease completely, concomitant use with dopamine replacement therapy should be investigated as a possible treatment modality. Adjunct use of the crude extracts with traditional dopamine replacement therapy may offer an alternative approach, however, future studies are required to elucidate the feasibility of such a combination.
Emerging Role of Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutics in Parkinson’s Disease
Molecules
Neurological ailments, including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and other related diseases, have affected around 1 billion people globally to date. PD stands second among the common neurodegenerative diseases caused as a result of dopaminergic neuron loss in the midbrain’s substantia nigra regions. It affects cognitive and motor activities, resulting in tremors during rest, slow movement, and muscle stiffness. There are various traditional approaches for the management of PD, but they provide only symptomatic relief. Thus, a survey for finding new biomolecules or substances exhibiting the therapeutic potential to patients with PD is the main focus of present-day research. Medicinal plants, herbal formulations, and natural bioactive molecules have been gaining much more attention in recent years as synthetic molecules orchestrate a number of undesired effects. Several in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies in the recent past have demonstrated ...
Nutrition, 2012
Ginkgo Biloba extract 761 (EGb 761) is a patented and well-defined mixture of active compounds extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves. This extract contains two main groups of active compounds, flavonoids (24%) and terpenoids (6%). EGb 761 is used clinically to treat dementia and vasoocclusive and cochleovestibular disorders. This extract has neuroprotective effects, exerted probably by means of its antioxidant function. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects 2% of the population older than 60 y. It produces a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and depletion of dopamine (DA), leading to movement impairment. The production of reactive oxygen species, which act as mediators of oxidative damage, is linked to PD. This disease is routinely treated with the DA precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. However, this produces severe side effects, and its neurotoxic properties can be due to a free radical production. Thus, administration of antioxidant drugs might be used to prevent neuronal death produced by oxidative mechanisms. The use of synthetic antioxidants has decreased because of their suspected activity as carcinogenic promoters. We describe the studies related to the antioxidant effect of EGb 761 in an animal model of PD. It has been shown that EGb761 can provide a neuroprotective/ neurorecovery effect against the damage to midbrain DA neurons in an animal model of PD. EGb 761 also has been found to lessen the impairment of locomotion, correlating with an increase of DA and other morphologic and biochemical parameters related to its antioxidant effect in an animal model of PD. These studies suggest it as an alternative in the future treatment of PD.