Euclidean Distance Index Based on Few Orthogonal Principal Components for Biological Taxonomic Purposes (original) (raw)
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International journal of Entomology, 2022
Insect are the important fauna of ecosystem and provide pollination service for the sexually reproducing plants and help in enhancing crop production for the human beings. Present study was totally concerned on the identification of order of insects by estimating Zagreb index, Harmonic index and inverse index. These indices were first time used to identify insect's order by the study of wings belonging to different insect species. Wing graph has been first time plotted and applied globally. Wings of Drosophila, Cicada, Apis, Musca species were amputed and permanent slides were prepared. Venation system of different wings was analyzed by using different vertices (cross-over of venation) and edges (part of vein between two vertices). Wing graphs were plotted with the help of wings photos and studied indices were calculated. The value of Zagreb index, Harmonic index and Inverse index were estimated specific for a particular insect order and insects can be differentiated and order of insects can be identified by using these indices this made this study significant for future study.
Integrative approach in describing Neurothemis species using correlation analysis based on distances
what applied approach is appropriate. Species delineation now used separate elaborate datasets to quantify independently and test species criteria. However, the complexity of the speciation process has ushered the need to infuse studies with new tools and techniques capable of aiding in species delineation. Herewith, an integrative approach using Correlation Analysis based on Distances was used to circumvent the traditional morphological analysis and provide a novel means of describing closely related complex species (sibling species) diversity using the genus Neurothemis as a case study. Correlation Analysis based on distances proved to be useful by looking into the relative contribution of each trait considered to species/group divergence and distinctiveness. Results demonstrate noted differences between female and male morphs. On one hand, females exhibited female-limited polymorphism which was suggested to have possibly evolved throughout sexual selection. On the other hand, polymorphism being limited to males mostly plays a role in male-male competition for access to females. Differences were attributed mainly by external morphological wing characters such as the fore-wing triangle, hind wing triangle, the radial planate, fore-wing subtriangle, number of anal loop 'sole cells', hind wing supertriangle, number of cross veins in the cubital space of the hind wing (behind the median space), wing pigmentation, shape of synthorax, shape of epiproct and shape of left and right cerci. Here, the utilization of a number of characters for species delineation proved to be effective in understanding variation and the nature of the Neurothemis species found in Iligan City. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Sharon Rose M. Tabugo et al Euro J Zool Res, 2014, 3 (1):19-31 ______________________________________________________________________________ 20 Scholars Research Library the continuous variation among the members of a population manifests itself most conspicuously in linear measurements and proportions. Mean values, variances and coefficients for each trait are characteristic of each population and species [3,4,5,1]. Hence, each character may show a different degree of variability within a single population. Similarly, there are different degrees of variability among related species. Thus, the question on what characters to use or what characters would best delineate species.
2016
Gonçalves, Michele S., Monica L. Blauth, Alessandra R. Butnariu, and Marco S. Gottschalk. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus de Tangará da Serra, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brasil. Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brasil. *Corresponding Author: gotts007@yahoo.com
Procrustes Analysis of Wing Shape Divergence among Sibling Species of Neurothemis Dragonflies
Australian Journal of Basic and …, 2011
This study was conducted to determine wing shape divergence in several species of Neurothemis dragonflies collected from Northern Mindanao, Philippines. These includes the species N. terminata terminata (Ris, 1911), N. fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793), N. ramburii ramburii (Kaup & Brauer, 1866). The identification of these species are sometimes difficult as the males of these species have similarities in their colored wings ranging from red to brown. For the females, N. terminata terminata also show extensive female-limited polymorphism expressed as intra-specific color variations. Since the quantitative description, analysis and interpretation of shape and shape variation in biology have become a fundamental area of research; the geometric method of morphometrics was used in this study aimed at comparing the shapes themselves. In this methodology, the generalized least square fitting analysis done via procrustes superimposition of landmarks from the fore-and hind wings was used. The landmark data were converted to shape residuals via Procrustes-fitting and is comprised of three steps: (1) translation to a common centroid, (2) rotation to a common centroid size and (3) rotation to minimize sum of squared differences between landmark sets. To illustrate ordination of the shapes' consensus, the consensus shape data (mean shape) of the separate populations was measured by a relative warp ordinations plot using tpsRelw 1.36. Results of the relative warp analysis showed significant variation among the Neurothemis species. The first extracted relative warp showed differences in the shape of the pterostigma and disparity in the distance between the distal end of the radial planate supplement and the distal margin of the wings bounded by the end points of the intercalary vein and the radial branch. Differences in the shape of the pterostigma were also observed and accounting for the variations in the shapes of the hind wing. Distance matrices were also constructed for the four data sets: left and right fore-wing; left and right hind wing. Results of the comparison via correlation analyses of the four matrices of distances among the species are indicative of the significant contribution of the shape of the fore-wing as compared to the hind wing in discriminating among species. The results of the present study clearly show the importance of geometric morphometric analysis and the utility of wing morphology in the taxonomy and discrimination of sibling species of Neurothemis.
International Journal For Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2020
Objective: To uncover the genetic relationship and the genetic variation of four types of true flies, which are as follows: Musca domestica, Chrisomya megacephala, Sarcophaga africa Tabanus regulars, using RAPD-PCR markers. Methods of work: Samples were collected from Tarmiyah district in Baghdad governorate using traps. The species of flies were diagnosed at the Research Center and Museum of Natural History at the University of Baghdad. The species were preserved using 70% ethanol alcohol, the DNA extraction process was carried out, the purity and concentration of the DNA was measured and adjusted using a nano drop device, then the RAPD-PCR reactions were performed using (17) primers and the results were migrated to the acarose gel and the packages were photographed using a digital camera, after which the statistical analysis was performed. Her and the results are saved. Results: The results of the RAPD markers showed different types of bands, and the total loci identified by the primers on the samples genome were (151) loci, of which (11) are general loci and (140) are differentiated loci. A locus, while the two primers produced (P5, P7), the lowest number of loci reached (6) loci. The total number of produced bands was (276) (a band of which (231) polymorphic bands and (44) monomorphic bands. as for the general variation ratio of the produced primers, it was 84%. The study showed the presence of distinctive bands, the total of the distinctive bands was (85), and of which (67) were unique bands and (18) were absent. (12) bands As for the absent bands, the house fly was distinguished by the lowest number of absent bands (3) band, while the horse fly got the highest number of absent band, reaching (6) bands. From the results of the interactions of the genetic distance, the values of the genetic distance ranged between (0.652-0.975), where the least genetic distance was between the meat fly and the horse fly, as it reached (0.652). This indicates that these two types are the most similar among the studied species, and it was the highest genetic distance between It is between the metal fly and the horse fly with a genetic distance (0.975), which indicates that they are more different within the studied species. Conclusion: There is a close degree of affinity between the four types of flies, even though they belong to families, so molecular markers can be used in classifying insects, especially flies, accurately and determining their genetic fingerprint instead of adopting the phenotypic features in the classification because molecular markers are fixed traits and do not change with changing conditions.
Parasites & Vectors
Background: Correct species identification of blow flies is a crucial step for understanding their biology, which can be used not only for designing fly control programs, but also to determine the minimum time since death. Identification techniques are usually based on morphological and molecular characters. However, the use of classical morphology requires experienced entomologists for correct identification; while molecular techniques rely on a sound laboratory expertise and remain ambiguous for certain taxa. Landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of insect wings has been extensively applied in species identification. However, few wing morphometric analyses of blow fly species have been published. Methods: We applied a landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of wings for species identification of 12 medically and forensically important blow fly species of Thailand. Nineteen landmarks of each right wing of 372 specimens were digitised. Variation in wing size and wing shape was analysed and evaluated for allometric effects. The latter confirmed the influence of size on the shape differences between species and sexes. Wing shape variation among genera and species were analysed using canonical variates analysis followed by a cross-validation test. Results: Wing size was not suitable for species discrimination, whereas wing shape can be a useful tool to separate taxa on both, genus and species level depending on the analysed taxa. It appeared to be highly reliable, especially for classifying Chrysomya species, but less robust for a species discrimination in the genera Lucilia and Hemipyrellia. Allometry did not affect species separation but had an impact on sexual shape dimorphism. Conclusions: A landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis of wings is a useful additional method for species discrimination. It is a simple, reliable and inexpensive method, but it can be time-consuming locating the landmarks for a large scale study and requires non-damaged wings for analysis.
PLoS ONE, 2011
Background: Ribosomal RNAs have been widely used for identification and classification of species, and have produced data giving new insights into phylogenetic relationships. Recently, multilocus genotyping and even whole genome sequencing-based technologies have been adopted in ambitious comparative biology studies. However, such technologies are still far from routine-use in species classification studies due to their high costs in terms of labor, equipment and consumables.