Analysis of water temperature variability in the Gulf of Eilat (original) (raw)
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Seasonal variations of temperature and salinity in the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba)
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 1979
The distributions of temperatures, salinites, and their month-to-month variations in the upper 300m in the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba) from 1974 to 1977 are described. Both temperature and salinity are high in summer (~ 26C, ~ 41!I,,,,, at the surface), and low in winter (~ 21C, ~ 40.57~;,,, at the surface). The summer transition of salinity occurs 2 to 3
Inter-annual variations of water and air temperatures in Lebanese coastal waters (2000-2012)
The global climate of the Lebanese coast is humid thermo–Mediterranean with a subtropical tendency to the South. The coastal waters are subject to the effect of the region's weather and climatic factors. Lebanon presents two main seasons: a hot dry summer and a cold rainy winter. The present work focuses on the inter-annual variations of monthly sea surface water temperature in relation to air temperature over 13 years, between 2000 and 2012, in a fixed marine site located on the North-Central part of Lebanon (N 34°14.856 and E 35°36.067), taking in consideration that sea surface temperature is a function of atmospheric temperature. Results indicate that during the period of investigation the average monthly air temperature (AT) follows its normal annual Mediterranean cycle and presented a minimum on January 2008 (10°C) and a maximum on September 2006 (30.6°C).The mean monthly variation of the sea surface temperature (SST) for the whole period vary between a minimum in March (Mean ± SD =17.82°C ± 0.67) and a maximum in August (Mean ± SD =29.71 ± 0.65°C). The mean monthly variation of air temperature vary between a minimum in January (Mean ± SD = 12.4 ± 1.2°C) and a maximum in August (27.59 ±0.58°C). The general annual mean (± SD) of SST for the whole period is 23.22 °C (± 4.34°C) and the general annual mean of AT (± SD) is 20.02 (± 5.44°C). Year-to-year variations show that the coldest year of SST was 2006 (Mean ±SD = 22°C ± 4.09) and the warmest year was 2010 (Mean ± SD = 24.16 ± 4.12), whilst the coldest year in term of Air temperature was year 2000 (Mean ± SD = 19.42 ± 5.75°C) and the warmest year was 2010 (Mean ± SD = 21.51 ± 5.39°C). Statistical analysis did not show significant differences between years for both parameters. The results of both parameters reveal a linear trend of a very slight general increase.
Hydrographic indications of advection/convection effects in the Gulf of Elat
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 1992
The convectave/advectlve balance at the northern end of the Gulf of Elat was investigated by comparing observed data to a numerical model's predictions The data. monthly temperature and sahnlty profiles collected from July 1988 to August 1989, mdlcate a continuously developing annual cycle, with the water column reaching vemcal homogeneity in February and the new thermocllne beginning to develop m March In the summer, an upper 200 m thermally stratified layer (surface temperatures reaching 26°C) overlies a thermally homogeneous layer o! 21°C Sahmty is close to 40 5%0 and vanes by less than 0 5%0 throughout the year, although a sahmty minimum develops m the upper layer m late spring and erodes and deepens m the fall and winter as the water column becomes mixed
2024
This study mainly aims to examine the relationship between oceanographic properties and climate change in the conjunction of the Istanbul Strait (IS), specifically in the east of the Sea of Marmara (SoM) via evaluating observational temperature and salinity profiles at six stations with monthly atmospheric pressure and air temperature during the period of 1997-2010. The annual cycle of temperature and salinity of the upper and lower layers in the east of SoM have strong seasonal variation: The upper layer temperature rises during summer while decreases in winter. Conversely, the lower layer temperature is higher in winter compared to spring and summer. Additionally, salinity levels in the upper layer are higher in winter and lower in summer, whereas in the lower layer, the pattern is reversed, with lower salinity in winter and higher salinity in summer. In this context, linear trend analyzes are calculated by using monthly time series of temperature and salinity and compared with the trends of atmospheric conditions and the surrounding seas. The average temperature trend in the east of the SoM is increase of 0.067°C/y in the upper layer and increase of 0.028°C/y in the lower layer during this period. The salinity trend is increase of 0.105 psu/y in the upper layer and increase of 0.012 psu/y in the lower layer. The air temperature trend is increase of 0.086°C/y, and the air pressure trend is decrease of 0.034 mbar/y. These values closely align with those observed in the surrounding seas. The air temperature and upper layer temperatures are consistent with each other in terms of both long-term series and trend values.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013
Evaluating the long-term variability of the seawater salinity and temperature due to climate change is a limiting economical and operational factor in planning the design of new and expansion of existing desalination plants. This need is amplified in the Arabian Gulf due to the natural arid climate and anthropological stresses related to energy exploration and ongoing major developments. The lack of data in this region further adds additional dimension to the problem. The present work represents a systematic innovative approach to evaluate the anticipated long-term changes in the seawater salinity and temperature under the stresses of projected climate change and massive industrial effluents using statistical correlation and hydrodynamic simulation. The proposed approach employs the direct relation between the net freshwater losses (evaporation) entrenched with the investigated stressors and the mean sea salinity and sea temperature variation of an inverse estuary to formulate the statistical correlation and the hydrodynamic simulation conditions.
Seasonal Variability in Ocean Heat Content and Heat Flux in the Arabian Gulf
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal variability in surface heat content in the Arabian Gulf (AG) based on hydrographic data. The ocean heat content (OHC) was initially estimated from surface to maximum depth (75 m) to show the seasonal variability, where the seasonal temperature reaches to that depth. Then OHC was re-estimated from the surface to a depth of 35 m, which represents the average depth of AG, to obtain accurate horizontal distributions. Results showed that during winter, the northern part of AG experiences the lowest OHC compared to the southeastern part. The monthly spatial average implies that the highest OHC of AG water was in September and October, while the lowest heat content was found in February and March. However, the OHC horizontal distributions were almost the same for the entire gulf during summer. In general, there was increasing in the OHC in the southeast region of the gulf. OHC anomalies are concentrated in the northern region of the AG, while the s...
Analysing Sea Surface Temperature Change in Gulf of Iskenderun from 1982 to 2015
Natural and engineering sciences, 2018
Climate change is one of the major challenge for Earth Systems in this century. Since the Industrial revolution, energy demands of countries has been rapidly increased which also causes an accelerated burning fossil fuels and increased greenhouse gases emission (GHG) into the atmosphere. Sea surface temperature (SST) is a pointer of the water temperature, which mainly related to sea surface layer and also plays an important role for keeping the energy balance between atmosphere and marine ecosystems. Various studies show that surface temperature of the inner seas surface temperature is affected by anthropogenic climate change. Gulf of Iskenderun is located in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. The Gulf is important mainly for its industrial facilities and thermal power stations of Turkey. Due to the Suez Canal and strait of Gibraltar the gulf has also very important meaning for migration of the alien species into the Mediterranean Sea. To investigate the sea surface temperature (SST) change in the Gulf of Iskenderun over the period of 1982-2015 we used remote sensed data, which have 4x4 km high spatial and daily temporal resolution. This data collected from Copernicus Marine Services which based on satellites Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Version 5.2 (PFV52). In the study period, the highest SST is determined in a JJA (June-July-August) season. The warmest region was the north is part of the bay. The SST change about 1.5º C in the study period.
Seasonal changes of water properties and current in the northernmost gulf of aqaba, red sea
Ocean Science …, 2007
Seasonal changes of tide signal(s), temperature, salinity and current were studied during the years 2004-2005 in the northernmost Gulf of Aqaba, which is under developmental activities, to obtain scientific bases for best management and sustainability. Spectrum analysis revealed permanent signals of tide measurements during all seasons, which represented semidiurnal and diurnal barotropic tides. The other signal periods of 8.13, 6.10-6.32, 4.16 and 1.02-1.05 h were not detected in all seasons, which were related to shallow water compound and overtides of principle solar and lunar constituents and to seiches generated in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. Spatial and temporal distributions of temperature, salinity and density showed significant differences between months in the coastal and offshore region and no significant differences among the coastal sites, between the surface and bottom waters and between coastal and offshore waters. Therefore, the temporal and spatial variation of water properties in the northernmost Gulf of Aqaba behave similarly compared to other parts. The coastal current below 12 m depth was weak (3-6 cms-1) and fluctuated from east-northeastward to west-southwestward (parallel to the shoreline), which may be related to the effect of bottom topography and/or current density due to differential cooling between eastern and western parts in the study area, and wind-induced upwelling and downwelling in the eastern and western side, respectively. The prevailing northerly winds and stratification conditions during summer were the main causes of the southward current at 6 and 12 m depths with average speed of 28 and 12 cms-1 , respectively.
Statistical analysis of sea surface temperature for best fit
2016 International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy Information and Commuincation (ICCPEIC), 2016
The sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration (CHL-a) were analysed in the Gulf of Tadjourah from two set of 8-day composite satellite data, respectively from 2008 to 2012 and from 2005 to 2011. A singular spectrum analysis (SSA) shows that the annual cycle of SST is strong (74.3% of variance) and consists of warming (April-October) and cooling (November-March) of about 2.5C than the long-term average. The semi-annual cycle captures only 14.6% of temperature variance and emphasises the drop of SST during July-August. Similarly, the annual cycle of CHL-a (29.7% of variance) depicts high CHL-a from June to October and low concentration from November to May. In addition, the first spatial empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of SST (93% of variance) shows that the seasonal warming/cooling is in phase across the whole study area but the southeastern part always remaining warmer or cooler. In contrast to the SST, the first EOF of CHL-a (54.1% of variance) indicates the continental shelf in phase opposition with the offshore area in winter during which the CHL-a remains sequestrated in the coastal area particularly in the southeast and in the Ghoubet Al-Kharab Bay. Inversely during summer, higher CHL-a quantities appear in the offshore waters. In order to investigate processes generating these patterns, a multichannel spectrum analysis was applied to a set of oceanic (SST, CHL-a) and atmospheric parameters (wind speed, air temperature and air specific humidity). This analysis shows that the SST is well correlated to the atmospheric parameters at an annual scale. The windowed cross correlation indicates that this correlation is significant only from October to May. During this period, the warming was related to the solar heating of the surface water when the wind is low (April-May and October) while the cooling (November-March) was linked to the strong and cold NorthEast winds and to convective mixing. The summer drop in SST followed by a peak of CHL-a, seems strongly correlated to the upwelling. The second EOF modes of SST and CHL-a explain respectively 1.3% and 5% of the variance and show an east-west gradient during winter that is reversed during summer. This work showed that the seasonal signals have a wide spatial influence and dominate the variability of the SST and CHL-a while the east-west gradient are specific for the Gulf of Tadjourah and seem induced by the local wind modulated by the topography.