The_Social and Clinical Correlates of Typhoid Fever Infection In Zaria Nigeria (original) (raw)
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The Social and Clinical Correlates of Typhoid Fever in Zaria, nortern Nigeria
The study was carried out to assess the socio-demographic and clinical variables in typhoid infection in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Such parameters as age, sex, occupation and places of residence as well as the prescription pattern for typhoid treatment were evaluated. This retrospective, non experimental study involved the collection of case records (files) of patients admitted in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria for typhoid fever for a five-year period. Retrieval of the data was done manually. A total of 118 cases were analyzed, some of the records required for analysis were missing, and were excluded. Most of the typhoid infections studied (66.5%) occurred during the rainy season in Zaria (May -November) with 40.7% of cases at the beginning of the rainy season (May/June). More females (55.3%), of all age and occupational groups were affected with higher incidences in young adults and students. Most of the patients (66.5%) were urban dwellers and the incidence between patients using well water and tap water was similar. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics; chloramphenicol use is still relatively common despite the 12.4% mortality and 28% relapse rate recorded. The findings of this study highlight the public health and social services challenges of typhoid infection in the Zaria metropolis. Communities, health authorities and governments should therefore focus more attention on preventive measures in view of the high costs of these newer antibiotics which now form the core of treatment of typhoid fever. Most patients will find this treatment modality unaffordable, taking into cognizance the socioeconomic environment of Zaria.
The social and clinical correlates of typhoid fever infection in Zaria, Northern Nigeria
2008
The study was carried out to assess the socio-demographic and clinical variables in typhoid infection in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Such parameters as age, sex, occupation and places of residence as well as the prescription pattern for typhoid treatment were evaluated. This retrospective, non experimental study involved the collection of case records (files) of patients admitted in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria for typhoid fever for a five-year period. Retrieval of the data was done manually. A total of 118 cases were analyzed, some of the records required for analysis were missing, and were excluded. Most of the typhoid infections studied (66.5%) occurred during the rainy season in Zaria (May – November) with 40.7% of cases at the beginning of the rainy season (May/June). More females (55.3%), of all age and occupational groups were affected with higher incidences in young adults and students. Most of the patients (66.5%) were urban dwellers and the incidence betwe...
Globally the incidence of typhoid and typhoid related illnesses are known to be responsible for a number of health problems in many regions of the world. Typhoid is transmitted by the ingestion of a substance such as food or water that has been contaminated with the feces of a person infected by the bacterium called Salmonella typhi, serotype Typhi. Due to its health implication,the spread of typhoid disease and the rate of infection has been a matter of worry across tropical nations of the world, particularly in Nigeria.In this work therefore, studies were carried out with a view todetermine the disposition of samples of the population of the people of Anyigba, a rapidly urbanizing community in Kogi state, Nigeria, to the disease that haven taken antibiotic injections. Data were generated within the period of two years betweenthe month of April 2016 and May 2018, but sourced from both empirical and theoretical backgrounds, covering three categories of people: children, adults and the old people. 124 patients, from three randomly selected health institutions in Kogi East were sampled to acquire the desired health and biographic data for analysis, basically coveringthe two brands of antibiotics. The three health institutions were selectively drawn from the three geopolitical areas of Anyigba that constitute the largest or most comprehensive/government approved health institutions in the area. These are the Comprehensive Health Center, Anyigba (24 respondents), the Grimard hospital, Anyigba (50 respondents) and the Diagnostic Hospital, Anyigba (50 respondents). These samples were analyzed with simple proportion, while the mean values were taken to determine their mean proportions and cumulative scores. The result of the study revealed that there is no significant difference between the two brands of anti-typhoid drugs at 95% confidence level, since the critical D of 0.12 is greater than the calculated D of 0.10.Based on the already established statistical principle, the hypothetical statement was thus accepted, meaning thatthe new anti-typhoid drugs conformed to its expectation.It was thus concluded that the application of antibiotic drugs on typhoid patients responded positively and could be considered a permanent cure measure in order to reduce losses in population and increase productivity at work. It was thus concluded that the positive response demonstrated goes a long way to suggest a more permanent measure in tackling the deadly disease, especially in the phase of rapidly growing population in the study area. It was therefore recommended thatthe continuous prevention of the disease through proper hygiene, education and the chlorination of drinking water would lead to dramatic decrease in the transmission of typhoid fever in the study area.
Treatment Rationality of Typhoid Fever Case
The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a health problem throughout the world, therefore it should be noted that the rational use of drugs to treatment in cases of typhoid fever. Research receipts descriptive study on cases of Typhoid Fever in Community Health Center (CHC) in January-March 2014, with a sample of 41 cases. Treatment of cases of typhoid fever in hospitalized patients who meet the criteria of the rational as much as 40 (97,56%) and irrational by 1 (2,44%). Based on the characteristics of the patients are seen that out of 41 cases, the patients are female numbered 28 (68,29%) and male gender was 13 (31,81%) with a lifespan that most are 13-25 years number 73,17%.
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of typhoid fever in Aba, Abia state amongst different socio-demographic groups such as gender, age groups, marital status, source of water and occupation. The study was conducted in five hospitals in Aba, Abia State namely: Janet Memorial Hospital, St. Pauls' Hospital, New Era Hospital, Dr. Uwalaka General Hospital and Maternity and the Living Word Mission Hospital. Multiple choice questionnaires were administered to one hundred (100) each of the five study areas making a total of five hundred (500) patients who sought medical attention for typhoid fever from the listed hospitals. Analyses of the questionnaires were carried out based on the socio-demographic variables considered in its design and values were expressed as a percentage of the sample size for each hospital. Highest occurrence of typhoid fever were observed among these socio-demographic groups studied in the other presented as follows; patients who relied on borehole water for drinking had the highest occurrence at 46.0%, follows by female gender 45.0%, married individuals 42.0%, patients of age group (22 -45 years) 27.0% and people with occupation as students 27.0%. From the result of this study, It can be concluded that socio-demographic factors studied influenced the distribution pattern of typhoid fever among the populace in Aba, Abia State and patients whose source of water for drinking is borehole are most affected (46%) by typhoid fever while age group 22 -45 years and patients with occupation as students were both least affected (27%). These findings have a huge implication on the implementation of typhoid control measures and highlight the need of intensive educational campaigns to ensure adherence to the practice of personal hygiene in general. As a public health preventive measure, intensive community health education needs to be integrated into the typhoid fever control measure in Aba South Eastern Nigeria.
Update on Typhoid Fever: An Ongoing Threat to Public Health
Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação, 2024
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica subspecies Serovar typhi, transmitted mainly by contaminated water or food. Lack of access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation in areas with poor hygiene conditions is a determining factor for the spread of the disease, making it more prevalent in developing countries. Prevention is essential to control typhoid fever, and measures such as vaccination, improvement of sanitary conditions and awareness campaigns on personal hygiene and food safety are key to reduce its incidence. Proper treatment with antibiotics is crucial to avoid serious complications. Antibiotic resistance has become an increasing challenge in the treatment of typhoid fever, highlighting the need for research and alternative strategies. This review aims to provide information on the epidemiology, diagnosis of typhoid fever and an update on novel medications used to prevent typhoid fever in developing countries.
Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research
Introduction: Typhoid fever is estimated to have caused 26.9 million cases and 5.74 lakhs deaths worldwide in 2010. It remains a major public health problem in India and other part of developing world. Background: Nonprovision of safe drinking water and sanitation measures, non-implementation of adequate vaccination strategies and emergence of multidrug resistant salmonella strains is responsible for why typhoid fever is till now remaining an important health problem in some parts of world and the disease is even becoming more complex. Objective: This study was conducted in a tertiary care centre to find out the clinico-epidemiological profile of patients admitted with typhoid fever. Design: Cross sectional observational study. Subjects: 460 Widal positive typhoid fever pediatric cases admitted from 1 st June 2016 to 30 th November 2016. Methods: Both clinical and laboratory data of all the patients were retrieved, compiled and analyzed. Results: Out of 460 patients 238(51.74%) were males and 222 (48.26%) were females. Fever (100%), vomiting (49.13%), diarrhea (30.21%), cough (30.0%) and hepatomegaly (73.26%) were commonly observed.Response to injection Ceftriaxone was excellent.355(77.17%) patients responded to Ceftriaxone alone and 99 (21.52%) patients needed addition of oral Azithromycin.Average hospital stays in our study ranged from 3-9 days. Conclusion: In the present series typhoid fever accounted for 10.94% of pediatric admissions. Though mortality has significantly reduced typhoid fever continues to be an important cause of hospitalization in pediatric population.High incidence among lower age group indicates high endemicity and emphasizes the need of widespread use of vaccination.
The Rationality of Antibiotic Use on Patients of Typhoid Fever
Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 2020
Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. The administration of antibiotics in typhoid fever is needed as a causative therapy to eradicate the bacteria based on the principles of rational therapy to avoid antibiotic resistance. However, there are still a considerable amount of cases of unnecessary antibiotic administration. This study aims to examine the rationality of antibiotic use on patients of typhoid fever. This research is a non-intervention study with descriptive analytic methods. Data were retrieved retrospectively by identifying the medical records of patients treated in the X Hospital Salatiga from January to August 2016 with a purposive sampling method based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 67 cases. The data was analyzed by using Gyssen criteria based on the standard of typhoid fever service of WHO 2011. The result showed that the percentage of female typhoid fever patients was higher than the male with the most prolonged 3-day hospitality. The most commonly used antibiotics are ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and cefixime with the result of the rationality analysis of category 0 (55.22 %), category IIIA (1.49%), category IIIB (8.96%), category IVA (17.91%), and category IVC (4.48%). It can be concluded that the rationality of antibiotics used in patients with typhoid fever at X Hospital Salatiga based on Gyssen criteria showed a good result.
Cost of illness due to typhoid Fever in pemba, zanzibar, East Africa
Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 2014
found that, of the 5,647 non-malaria pathogenic isolates, 560 (10%) were S. Typhi (1). It has been estimated that Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) causes about 33 to 233 new cases/100,000 population/year in Africa (2,3). In Pemba, Zanzibar, a prospective study calculated an adjusted rate for typhoid fever of 110 cases/100,000 population/ year (4). There is evidence that, in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa, rates of typhoid fever are even higher and are similar to those in Asian urban slums (5). The lack of a specific clinical presentation of typhoid fever makes diagnosis difficult. Even where blood-culture facilities and appropriate antibiotics are available, case-fatality rates are high (6,7), underscoring the need for effective preventive strategies, such as vaccination. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonellae further emphasizes the need for public health interventions. Licensed, safe, and effective vaccines to prevent typhoid fever are available. In order to determine the potential