Probiotic Species in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: An Overview (original) (raw)
Related papers
2013
Gut-derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are critical to the development and progression of chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic diseases. In this study, the effects of probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on gut-derived lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokine concentrations were evaluated using a human colonic microbiota model. Lactobacillus reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, Bifidobacterium animalis, B. bifidum, B. longum, and B. longum subsp. infantis were identified from the literature for their anti-inflammatory potential. Each bacterial culture was administered daily to a human colonic microbiota model during 14 days. Colonic lipopolysaccharides, and Gram-positive and negative bacteria were quantified. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were stimulated with supernatant from the human colonic microbiota model. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-4 cytokines were measured. Lipopolysaccharide concentrations were significantly reduced with the administration of B. bifidum (-46.45 ± 5.65%), L. rhamnosus (-30.40 ± 5.08%), B. longum (-42.50 ± 1.28%), and B. longum subsp. infantis (-68.85 ± 5.32%) (p < 0.05). Cell counts of Gram-negative and positive bacteria were distinctly affected by the probiotic administered. There was a probiotic strain-specific effect on immunomodulatory responses of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. B. longum subsp. infantis demonstrated higher capacities to reduce TNF-α concentrations (-69.41 ± 2.78%; p < 0.05) and to increase IL-4 concentrations (+16.50 ± 0.59%; p < 0.05). Colonic lipopolysaccharides were significantly correlated with TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that specific probiotic bacteria, such as B. longum subsp. infantis, might decrease colonic lipopolysaccharide concentrations, which might reduce the proinflammatory tone. This study has noteworthy applications in the field of biotherapeutics for the prevention and/or treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
Role of Endogenous Microbiota, Probiotics and Their Biological Products in Human Health
Nutrients, 2013
Although gut diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, mucositis and the alimentary cancers share similar pathogenetic features, further investigation is required into new treatment modalities. An imbalance in the gut microbiota, breached gut integrity, bacterial invasion, increased cell apoptosis to proliferation ratio, inflammation and impaired immunity may all contribute to their pathogenesis. Probiotics are defined as live bacteria, which when administered in sufficient amounts, exert beneficial effects to the gastrointestinal tract. More recently, probiotic-derived factors including proteins and other molecules released from living probiotics, have also been shown to exert beneficial properties. In this review we address the potential for probiotics, with an emphasis on probiotic-derived factors, to reduce the severity of digestive diseases and further discuss the known mechanisms by which probiotics and probiotic-derived factors exert their physiological effects.
Next generation probiotics in disease amelioration ScienceDirect
Microbiome Prebiotic Probiotic Metabolites a b s t r a c t Studies on the role of gut commensal bacteria in health development have rapidly attracted much more attention beyond the classical pathogens over the last decade. Many important reports have highlighted the changes in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) are closely related to development of intra-and extra-intestinal, chronic inflammation related diseases such as colitis, obesity/metabolic syndromes, diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases and also cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. To circumvent these difficulties, the strategy of modulating the structure of the gut microbiota has been under intensive study and shed more light on amelioration of these inflammation related diseases. While traditional probiotics generally show marginal ameliorative effects, emerging next generation probiotics start to reveal as new preventive and therapeutic tools. Recent studies have unraveled many potential next generation probiotics (NGP). These include Prevotella copri and Christensenella minuta that control insulin resistance, Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that reverse obesity and insulin resistance, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii that protects mice against intestinal diseases, and Bacteroides fragilis that reduces inflammation and shows anticancer effect. New agents will soon be revealed for targeted therapy on specific inflammation related diseases. The important roles of next generation probiotics and gut microbiota normobiosis on the maintenance of intestinal integrity and homeostasis are emphasized.
Revisiting dietary effects on the gut microbiota and their implications in health and disease
Microsphere
The interaction between the gut microbiota and its mammalian host is influenced by diet. The host can absorb small metabolites produced by the microbiota, which can alter a range of physiological processes. Several types of gut microbes are linked to immunological and metabolic illnesses, as well as the host's overall health. Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium are frequently found among these gut flora. We look at how the human intestinal microbiome is influenced by nutrition obtained from plant or animal based diet and how this can affect health and disease. Anaerobic bacteria in the colon produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as the principal metabolic products of fermentation. As possible mediators, these fatty acids have been connected to the gut microbiota's influence on intestinal immune function. They've also been implicated in the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. To this end, the Mediterranean d...
World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2014
Although it is now known that the human body is colonized by a wide variety of microbial populations in different parts (such as the mouth, pharynx and respiratory system, the skin, the gastro-and urogenital tracts), many effects of the complex interactions between the human host and microbial symbionts are still not completely understood. The dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota is considered to be one of the most important contributing factors in the development of many gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer, as well as systemic diseases like obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fecal microbial transplantations appear to be promising therapies for dysbiosis-associated diseases; however, probiotic microorganisms have been growing in popularity due to increasing numbers of studies proving that certain strains present health promoting properties, among them the beneficial balance of the intestinal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel diseases and
Probiotics, gut microbiota and their influence on host health and disease
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2016
The gastrointestinal tract of mammals hosts a high and diverse number of different microorganisms, known as intestinal microbiota. Many probiotics were originally isolated from the gastrointestinal tract, and they were defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/WHO as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." Probiotics exert their beneficial effects on the host through four main mechanisms: interference with potential pathogens, improvement of barrier function, immunomodulation and production of neurotransmitters, and their host targets vary from the resident microbiota to cellular components of the gut-brain axis. However, in spite of the wide array of beneficial mechanisms deployed by probiotic bacteria, relatively few effects have been supported by clinical data. In this regard, different probiotic strains have been effective in antibiotic-associated diarrhea or inflammatory bowel disease for instance. The aim of this review was to compile the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of probiotics, mainly through their interaction with the intestinal microbiota and with the intestinal mucosa. The specific benefits discussed in this paper include among others those elicited directly through dietary modulation of the human gut microbiota.
Role of Probiotics in Health and Disease –A Review
International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 2019
Human intestinal microbiota has undergone a lot of research in recent years and we are beginning to expand our knowledge of the role of bacteria, fungi, viruses and helminths in our gut in health and disease. Our gut contains myriad of over hundreds of millions of microbes that influence our body physiology, nutrition, metabolism, and immunity. A change in the type of these microbes has been shown to be associated with gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and systemic diseases like metabolic syndrome and cancer. In this article, an attempt has been made to review some significant recent studies that have looked into the complex types of intestinal microbes and how they interact with the human body. This paper also serves to explain what probiotics are, and how they function as a separate "organ" within our body. It includes their method of action, the latest evidence-based research on their use in health and disease and some common sources of probiotic bacteria.
Gut microbiota and chronic diseases: Role of probiotics
Journal of Applied and Natural Science
Probiotics are live organisms that generally give consumers health advantages by improving or restoring the gut flora. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the two most commonly known probiotics. They have vital role in the prevention and/or diagnosis of many diseases, such as obesity, cancer, asthma, diarrhoea, hay fever, diabetes, chronic fever, HIV, and atopic eczema. They also help to maintain the gut microflora of the intestine. Gut microbiota reside in the gastrointestinal tract of humans, which can be bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa and bacteriophages, which are essential for maintaining healthy gut health. The most dominant gut microbial phyla consist of firmicutes, actinobacteria, proteobacteria, bacteroidetes, and fusobacteria. In 90% of the gut microbiata belongs to the two important phyla-firmicutes and bacteroidetes. Examples include Lactobacillus acidophilus, Clostridium perfringens, Helicobacter pylori, Bacteroides fragilis, and Corynebacterium matruchotii. Thi...
Immunomodulatory Properties of Probiotics and Their Derived Bioactive Compounds
Applied sciences, 2023
Immune system modulation is an intriguing part of scientific research. It is well established that the immune system plays a crucial role in orchestrating cellular and molecular key mediators, thus establishing a powerful defense barrier against infectious pathogens. Gut microbiota represent a complex community of approximately a hundred trillion microorganisms that live in the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract, contributing to the maintenance of gut homeostasis via regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, impairment in the crosstalk between intestinal immunity and gut microbiota may reflect on detrimental health issues. In this context, many studies have indicated that probiotics and their bioactive compounds, such as bacteriocins and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), display distinct immunomodulatory properties through which they suppress inflammation and enhance the restoration of microbial diversity in pathological states. This review highlights the fundamental features of probiotics, bacteriocins, and SCFAs, which make them ideal therapeutic agents for the amelioration of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. It also describes their underlying mechanisms on gut microbiota modulation and emphasizes how they influence the function of immune cells involved in regulating gut homeostasis. Finally, it discusses the future perspectives and challenges of their administration to individuals.