Biliary secretion in conscious rabbits: surgical technique (original) (raw)
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 1981
The role of enterohepatic circulation of bile salts in biliary secretion in conscious rabbits has been investigated before and after cholecystectomy. Bile flow was higher and bile salt concentration lower in cholecystectomized than in intact rabbits: this could have been caused by a negative feedback effect on bile salt synthesis as the circulating bile salt pool increased. The effects of cholecystectomy on flow and bile salt concentration balanced each other. Bile flow and bile salt concentration declined after interruption of the enterohepatic circulation in both cholecystectomized and intact rabbits. Furthermore, the percentage of the flow of bile independent of bile salt secretion increased, while that independent of total analysed solutes decreased after the enterohepatic circulation was broken. These results confirm that the decrease in bile flow after interruption of the enterohepatic circulation is due to loss of bile salts and not of electrolytes. * See Methods.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 1981
The biliary response to feeding has been investigated in intact and cholecystectomized rabbits, with and without interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. The relative contribution of the different secretory mechanisms involved in this process has been examined. Feeding induced an increase in the flow and bicarbonate concentration of the bile and a slight decrease in the bile salt content in rabbits with gall bladders and the enterohepatic circulation intact. Feeding with the enterohepatic circulation interrupted elicited a drop in bile flow and the bile salt concentration, but an increase in bicarbonate concentration. Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation thus dramatically modifies the feeding response: a response to food is still detectable after interruption, but is masked by the negative effects of drainage of the bile away from the duodenum.
Use of a bidirectional cannula to study biliary secretion in conscious dogs
Laboratory Animals, 1983
Summary A new biliary bidirectional cannula is described which allows the study of biliary secretion in conscious dogs under conditions which approach physiological normality. Materials and methods Experiments were carried out on 9 adult dogs (body weight 20-25 kg). The animals were fasted for 48 h prior to surgery. Drinking water was given ad libitum. Since the first report of
Basal biliary secretion in conscious chicken and role of enterohepatic circulation
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 1981
l. Enterohepatic circulation of bile salt role. its interruption effects, gallbladder contribution and importance of some electrolytes, on total biliary secretion of chicken have been investigated. 2. The gallbladder, in spite of its anatomical disposition, behaves exactly like that of mammals. When the vesicular duct is tied there is a retrograde flow of bile from gallbladder, although it causes no change in the results if a cholecystokinetic stimulus is not introduced. 3. The role of the enterohepatic circulation is important in this species. The results leave out electrolyte loss and indicate bile salt concentration decay as cause of hyposecretion after bile drainage, which agrees with lack of change of flow independent of bile salt. 4. Recovery of all parameters when bile is placed in duodenum shows that the observed effects are genuine and that animals were in good physiological state.
Radiologia Brasileira, 2013
Objective: To compare, by means of ultrasonography, pre-and postoperative anatomical changes arising from experimentally induced obstructive jaundice in porcine models. Materials and Methods: Six 36-day-old Landrace pigs underwent laparoscopically induced complete biliary obstruction by common bile duct ligation. Results: No difficulty was faced during the procedures and the surgical recovery was uneventful. After seven days, the animals showed jaundice, bilirubinuria and acholic stools. Comparative ultrasonography allowed visualization of hepatomegaly, cholecystomegaly and increased caliber of the common bile duct in all the animals, as well as changes resulting from cholestasis. The morphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in diameter of the gallbladders and left lateral liver lobes. Conclusion: Pigs represent appropriate experimental models for investigation of obstructive jaundice, and ultrasonography has shown to be sensitive, playing a relevant role in the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction in such animals.
Manometric changes during retrograde biliary infusion in mice
American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 2000
The manometric, ultrastructural, radiographic, and physiological consequences of retrograde biliary infusion were determined in normostatic and cholestatic mice. Intraluminal biliary pressure changed as a function of infusion volume, rate, and viscosity. Higher rates of constant infusion resulted in higher peak intraluminal biliary pressures. The pattern of pressure changes observed was consistent with biliary ductular and/or canalicular filling followed by leakage at a threshold pressure. Retrograde infusion with significant elevations in pressure led to paracellular leakage of lanthanum chloride, radiopaque dye, and [14C]sucrose with rapid systemic redistribution via sinusoidal and subsequent hepatic venous drainage. Chronic extrahepatic bile duct obstruction resulted in significantly smaller peak intrabiliary pressures and lower levels of paracellular leakage. These findings indicate that under both normostatic and cholestatic conditions elevated intrabiliary volumes/pressures re...
SECT ION 1 Anatomy , pathophysiology , and epidemiology of the biliary system
2006
Intrahepatic bile ducts There are more than 2 km of bile ductules and ducts in the adult human liver. These structures are far from being inert channels, and are capable of signifi cantly modifying biliary fl ow and composition in response to hormonal secretion. Bile secretion starts at the level of the bile canaliculus, the smallest branch of the biliary tree [6]. They form a meshwork between hepatocytes with many anastomotic interconnec
Endotoxemia after relief of biliary obstruction by internal and external drainage in rats
American journal of surgery, 1986
Systemic and portal endotoxemia were studied in rats with biliary obstruction and after relief of the obstruction by internal and external drainage. Endotoxemia was increased after bile duct ligation (p less than 0.001) compared with control values. The incidence of systemic and portal endotoxemia was significantly reduced after internal drainage (p less than 0.001). A significantly higher incidence of portal (86 percent) and systemic (57 percent) endotoxemia, however, was found after external drainage. The persistence of endotoxemia after external drainage, when serum bilirubin levels returned to normal units, indicates that bile flow is important in controlling endotoxemia during preoperative biliary drainage. These results suggest that the systemic endotoxemia observed after relief of obstruction by external drainage may contribute to the increased mortality, as found in previous rat studies. This observation may contribute to an understanding of why patients with preoperative ex...
Effects of hypothermia on some aspects of biliary secretion in anaesthetized rabbits and rats
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 1979
The effects which experimental hypothermia induces on rabbit and rat biliary secretion have been investigated. 2. In both species we have found a drastic reduction in bile-flow and in bile salt output and an increase in bile-salt concentration. 3. Hypothermia induces a substantial decrease of bile salt independent fraction (BSIF) in both rabbit (80%) and rat (70%) which we believe may be due to a loss of activity of Na+, K+-activated ATPase. 4. Rewarming is not able to reverse the negative effect that hypothermia has on rabbit bile flow.
Biliary tract anatomy and its relationship with venous drainage
Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology, 2014
Portal cavernoma develops as a bunch of hepatopetal collaterals in response to portomesenteric venous obstruction and induces morphological changes in the biliary ducts, referred to as portal cavernoma cholangiopathy. This article briefly reviews the available literature on the vascular supply of the biliary tract in the light of biliary changes induced by portal cavernoma. Literature pertaining to venous drainage of the biliary tract is scanty whereas more attention was focused on the arterial supply probably because of its significant surgical implications in liver transplantation and development of ischemic changes and strictures in the bile duct due to vasculobiliary injuries. Since the general pattern of arterial supply and venous drainage of the bile ducts is quite similar, the arterial supply of the biliary tract is also reviewed. Fine branches from the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal, retroportal, gastroduodenal, hepatic and cystic arteries form two plexuses to supply...
The role of prostaglandin I2 and biliary lipids during evolving cholecystitis in the rabbit
Gastroenterology, 1993
Bac&Yound: Acute cholecystitis increases gallbladder prostanoid synthesis. The percent study examined the hypothesis that increased endogenous gallbladder release of prostaglandin I, (PGI,) after bile duct ligation is caused by both increased ductal pressure and altered biliary lipids. Methods: Prostanoid release, biliary lipids, and in vitro fluid absorption of sham gallbladders were compared with those of gallbladders in which acute cholecystitis was induced after common bile duct ligation for 6, 24, and 72 hours. Results: Bile duct ligation for 6, 24, and 72 hours increased gallbladder PGI, release twofold and increased gallbladder bile levels of lysolecithin and taurine-conjugated bile acids fivefold compared with sham groups (P < 0.05). In vitro gallbladder fluid absorption was decreased by 50% or more in the 6-, 24-, and 72-hour bile duct-ligated groups (P < 0.05) but was reversed by indomethacin only in the 6-hour ligated group. Conclusions: Decreased gallbladder fluid absorption following bile duct ligation for 6 hours was caused by increased gallbladder release of PGI,. Decreased gallbladder fluid absorption following bile duct ligation for 24 and 72 hours was not a prostanoid-mediated process (not reversed by indomethacin) but was associated with increased bile levels of proinflammatory biliary lipids. Male New Zealand white rabbits (2-3 kg) were anesthetized with 0.4 mg/kg of an anesthetic cocktail made up of ketamine (75 mg/mL) and acepromazine (2.5 mg/mL) and maintained on halothane. The abdomen was shaved and washed with soap and then by alcohol and Betadine (General Medical Corp., Richmond, VA). A midline laparotomy was performed, and the common bile duct was ligated (before entry into the duodenum) with a 4-O silk suture and compared with that of sham-operated controls.'5J6 Avoidance of the gallbladder allowed subsequent rapid removal. Controls did not undergo anesthesia or surgery. All animals (100% survival) tolerated water and standard chow without discomfort. Guidelines for the ethical use of animals instituted by the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the Dallas Veterans Administration Medical
American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
Cholangiopathies are progressive disorders with largely unknown pathoetiology and limited treatment options. We aimed to develop a novel surgical technique with direct access to the bile ducts that would complement existing mouse models of cholestasis, biliary inflammation, and fibrosis and present a new route of administration for testing of potential treatment strategies. We developed a surgical technique to access the murine biliary tree by injection of different solvents through catheterization of the gall bladder with simultaneous clamping of the common bile duct. To demonstrate the applicability of the technique, we injected either phosphate-buffered saline or dimethyl sulfoxide in concentrations of 50 or 65% and compared these groups with sham-operated mice. The surgery was optimized to achieve a mortality rate close to 0. There were no significant changes in pain, activity level, or mortality from the day of the surgery until euthanization for any groups. Injection of phosph...
Características anatómicas de las vías biliares en una muestra de cadáveres de población colombiana
Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 2020
Introducción. En comparación con otros países, los estudios sobre características anatómicas de vías biliares en población colombiana son escasos.Objetivo. Analizar las características anatómicas de las vías biliares en una muestra de 60 tractos gastrointestinales de población colombiana.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo analítico transversal donde se emplearon y disecaron las vías biliares de 60 tractos gastrointestinales humanos.Resultados. Según la clasificación de Blumgart de las variaciones anatómicas del tracto biliar, se encontraron las siguientes variaciones: Tipo A (78.3%), Tipo B (5%), Tipo C2 (3.3%), Tipo D2 (1.7%), Tipo E1 (1.7%), Tipo E2 (8.3%) y Tipo F (1.7%). En cuanto a las dimensiones promedio de las vías biliares extrahepáticas, se encontraron los siguientes diámetros y longitudes: conducto hepático derecho, 3.62mm y 10.64mm; conducto hepático izquierdo, 3.66mm y 10.74mm; conducto hepático común, 4.97mm y 25.59mm, y conducto colédoco, 4.90mm y...
Functional Anatomy of Intrahepatic Biliary System (Clinical and Experimental Data)
This chapter, “Functional Anatomy of Biliary System (Clinical and Experimental Data)”, represents the results of studies implemented since the late 1970s at the Department of Operational Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of Tbilisi State Medical University, under the leadership of Prof. Shalva Toidze, and was later conducted at the Alexandre Natishvili Institute of Morphology of Ivane Javakhisvhili Tbilisi State University. The complex design studies involve both clinical and experimental material, including the anatomical experimental data from autopsy liver material. The data from experiments, including up to 300 surgeries, 150 autopsies of the human liver and 200 biliary pathology modeling experiments implemented on stray dogs and Wistar rats, were all analyzed. Part of the human liver samples taken at autopsy from adult patients whose death was not related to the pathology of hepato-biliary-pancreatic zone were investigated through gradual maceration of parenchyma under spurts of ...
Bile secretion in the fistulated pig : effect of the method used for bile reinfusion
Reproduction Nutrition Développement, 1983
The aim of this work was to investigate the effects on bile secretion of flow rate and site of reinfusion of the collected bile to the animal. Thirty-two pigs weighing 50 ± 3 kg at the beginning of the experiment were fitted with a reentrant fistula in the lower common bile duct and in the upper duodenum. Bile collected from the bile duct was reinfused in four different ways (four groups of 8 animals each) : into the duodenum or the lower common bile duct at a constant flow rate using a peristaltic pump, or into the duodenum or the lower common bile duct at a rate mimicking the flow rate of the secretion using an automatic apparatus. Reinfusing the bile into the lower common bile duct at a rate mimicking the secretion rate provided a daily bile acid production about 21 % higher than the level recorded with the other three methods. This was mainly due to a higher bile acid concentration since the bile flow was only slightly affected by the treatment. Introduction. Research on the physiology of bile secretion in relation to the diet ingested by the conscious pig eating normally requires the measurement of total amounts of bile and of its components ; it is necessary to continuously collect the bile over experimental periods of several days in order to study the variation of its total quantity and of its components with the diet. Moreover, to keep the enterohepatic circulation intact and not to modify bile secretion (Dowling et al., 1968 ; Juste and Corring, 1979), the bile has to be reinfused to the animals. Depending on the study, bile has been infused into the duodenum (Nahrwold and Gross
Resultados preliminares da correção cirúrgica de estenose cicatricial de vias biliares
Revista de Medicina, 2018
Introduction: Iatrogenic biliary injury remains a critical complication of cholecystectomy, with devastating consequences to the liver and risk of death. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the long-term results of surgical repair of iatrogenic biliary injuries performed at a single center. Methodology: Patients who underwent surgical reconstruction for iatrogenic biliary injury between 1990 and 2016 were retrospectively evaluated. We collected data from medical records and the electronic database HCMED. The preliminary results were analyzed by comparing frequencies or arithmetic means with standard deviations of the recorded parameters. Results: We included 158 cases in the study, 81% of these women and with mean age of 45.54 years. The most common symptoms were jaundice (79.11% of the cases), abdominal pain (59.49%), choluria (52.53%), acholia/hipocholia (47.47%), fever (44.3%), pruritus (34.18%) and weight loss (27.22%). Biliary stricture was secondary to conventional cholecystectomy in 63.92% of the cases, laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 22.15% and nonspecified cholecystectomy in 13.92%. We divided patients according to diagnosis of biliary duct stricture (BDS), n=93 cases (58.86%), and bilioenteric anastomosis stricture (BEAS), n=65 cases (41.14%). In BDS group, levels of bilirubin, ALT, AST and GGT were significantly increased pre compared to post surgical repair. In BEAS group, levels of bilirubin, AST and GGT were significantly increased in the preoperative compared to the postoperative, however there were no differences in ALT levels. Recurrence of stricture occurred in 5 cases of BDS group, and 7 cases of BEAS group. Survival in the BDS group was 98.92% in 1 year and 97.85% in 5 years, and in BEAS group, 98.64% and 95.38%, respectively. Conclusions: Surgical repair of complex biliary stricture can achieve long-term success in 89.87% of patients when performed in reference services.