Inflation and late time acceleration designed by Stueckelberg massive photon (original) (raw)
We present a mini review of the Stueckelberg mechanism, which was proposed to make the abelian gauge theories massive as an alternative to Higgs mechanism, within the framework of Minkowski as well as curved spacetimes. The higher the scale the tighter the bounds on the photon mass, which might be gained via the Stueckelberg mechanism, may be signalling that even an extremely small mass of the photon which cannot be measured directly could have far reaching effects in cosmology. We present a cosmological model where Stueckelberg fields, which consist of both scalar and vector fields, are non-minimally coupled to gravity and the universe could go through a decelerating expansion phase sandwiched by two different accelerated expansion phases. We discuss also the possible anisotropic extensions of the model. The observation of only left handed weak interactions implies the violation of parity symmetry in nature. Thus fermions as well as gauge bosons should have been massless to preserve gauge symmetry. This was of course in gross contradiction with the experiments demonstrating that the weakly interacting fermions and gauge bosons are massive, though the neutrinos first were assumed to be massless but later it was shown that they are also massive. Indeed gauge bosons mediating the weak interaction were naturally expected to be massive since weak force is a short range force. The clever solution to this issue was to introduce a Higgs field which transforms as a doublet under the weak SU(2) L symmetry so that W + , W − and Z 0 bosons as well as all the charged fermions would be massive [1]. Indeed, it has later been realised that neutrino is the lightest particle in the Standard Model (SM) with a mass smaller by at least three orders of magnitude than the electron mass. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics was given to the discovery of neutrino oscillations that shows neutrinos are massive. Therefore the SM should has been modified in order to give a natural explanation to the question why neutrino masses are so small but non-zero. A similar modification that makes neutrinos massive may be valid for photon. As dictated by Okun, " such a small photon mass, albeit gauge non-invariant, does not destroy the renormalizability of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) [2, 3] and its presence would not spoil the agreement between QED and experiment. This also motivates incessant searches for a non
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