Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Herbal Drug-sensitized Staphylococcus aureus Isolate (original) (raw)
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AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI GETAH PEPAYA KERING TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus PADA DANGKE
Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan, 2014
Dangke is a traditional milk curd product, made by coagulation of milk using fresh papaya latex. This product is usually kept at room temperature (27-30ºC) until consumption. Dried papaya latex was used in this study to produce dangke, and its effect to S. aureus was determined by direct contact in TSB and dangke. Fresh papaya latex was dried using vacuum oven at 50-55ºC for 22 hours. Dried papaya latex at a concentration of 2.7x10-3 g/100 mL could reduce S. aureus approximately 1 log CFU/mL in TSB after 24 hours. Dried papaya latex and papain could maintain the S. aureus number in dangke within 24 hours storage at room temperature. The antibacterial activity of non-proteolytic compound of papaya latex, i.e ethanolic extract of papaya latex was determined by macrodilution method, resulted an the MIC90 of 8 mg/mL. The cell membrane leakage after exposure was detected by measuring the optical density of bacterial supernatant at 260 nm. The result showed that exposure to increasing antibacterial concentration resulted in increasing of optical density of S. aureus supernatant, indicating that the antibacterial caused the S. aureus membrane leakage. Fluorescence microscopy imaging showed that S. aureus exposure to antibacterial caused membrane leakage thus gave Propidium Iodide (PI) chance to penetrate into the cell, as indicated by changing of fluorescence color from green to red.
Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Exposed To a Locally Produced Herbal Drug
Microbiology Research Journal International, 2017
Background: Antimicrobial resistance poses great threats to the treatment and eradication of pathogenic microbes. An increasing number of infectious diseases are now becoming difficult to treat in the developing world, but the root of the problems is vaguely known. Aims: This study aimed at determining the phenotypic properties of Escherichia coli isolates exposed to a locally prepared drug, usually called Goko Alcoholic Bitters (GAB), a commonly consumed herbal medication in Nigeria. Methods: In order to determine GAB-induced resistance the antimicrobial efficacy of GAB against E. coli isolates was first determined using the disc diffusion method and was compared to a control (Ampicillin). A growth response assay was performed to monitor the response of E. coli exposed to GAB and analyzed by bacterial count on nutrient agar as well as using a spectrophotometer to measure optical density. Finally, GAB-treated E. coli was investigated for drug resistance acquisition using antibiotic discs. Original Research Article Monsi et al.; MRJI, 22(2): 1-7, 2017; Article no.MRJI.34812 2 Results: Different concentrations of GAB did not show considerable zones of inhibition compared to the Ampicillin (30 µg) control. The effects of GAB on growth of E. coli showed that the highest concentration (neat concentration = 0.036 g/ml) of GAB inhibited growth of E. coli, but did not completely eliminate bacteria (bacteriostatic). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of surviving E. coli isolates previously exposed to different concentrations of GAB showed significantly reduced sensitivity (P-value=0.01) to Ampicillin compared to untreated E. coli. This implies that resistance has been induced in bacteria by GAB. Conclusion: This study suggests the possibility of GAB conferring resistance of some Gram-negative such as E. coli against some antibiotics like Ampicillin.
In-vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol-extract of Galla chinensis against Staphycoccus aureus
Acinetobacter baumannii. Nine medicinal plant formulas consisting of 41 medicinal plants were chosen on the basis of their traditional use against skin infections. The preliminary antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extracts formula was carried out by disc diffusion test. The extracts which showed inhibitory effect were further investigated for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution method. Eight formulas were found to inhibit the growth of at least one of the tested pathogens with inhibition zones ranging from 7.5 to 21.0 mm. THR-SK004 and THR-SK005 extracts displayed broad spectrum activity against both Grampositive and Gram-negative. Results indicated that THR-SK004 and its medicinal components, Metroxylon sagu Rottb. and Oroxylum indicum Vent. exhibit good antibacterial activity with MIC values in the range of 30 to 1,000 µg/ml. This antibacterial property tends to support the use of traditional medicine in the treatment of bacterial skin infections. . J. Med. Plants Res.
Potensi Antibakteri Esktrak Etanol Daun Evodia suaveolens terhadap Staphylococcus aureus
Pharmaceutical Journal of Islamic Pharmacy, 2021
Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun tanaman zodia (Evodia suaveolens) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Zodia berasal dari Pulau Irian/Papua yang dikenal sebagai tanaman pengusir nyamuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak etanol daun zodia sebagai antibakteri secara in vitro dengan metode difusi agar. Serbuk daun zodia dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol kemudian filtrat dipekatkan menggunakan rotary evaporator vacuum. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ektrak etanol terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 dilakukan pada konsentrasi larutan uji (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80% b/v). Uji ANOVA satu arah pada data diameter zona hambat digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol zodia pada berbagai konsentrasi. Data penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol zodia dengan konsentrasi 20% lebih efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 dengan diameter zona hambat 8,74 mm. Dengan demikian, ekstrak etanol daun zodia berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai antibakteri.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Biochemical Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus: Impact of Bio field Treatment, 2015
Study background: Staphylococci are widespread in nature, mainly found on the skin and mucous membranes. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the key organism for food poisoning due to massive production of heat stable exotoxins. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and biochemical characteristics of S. aureus (ATCC 25923). Methods: S. aureus cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 25923) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocols until needed for experiments. Revived and lyophilized state of ATCC strains of S. aureus were selected for the study. Both revived (Group; Gr. II) and lyophilized (Gr. III) strain of S. aureus were subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Revived treated cells were assessed on day 5 and day 10 while lyophilized treated cells on day 10 only. After biofield treatment both treated cells were analysed for its antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration value, biochemical reactions and biotype number with respect to control (Gr. I). Results: The antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration of S. aureus showed significant (86.67%) alteration in lyophilized cells while no alteration was found in revived treated cells as compared to control. It was observed that overall 37.93% (eleven out of twenty nine) biochemical reactions were altered in the treated groups with respect to control. Moreover, biotype numbers were substantially changed in revived treated cells, Gr. II (303137, Staphylococcus capitis subsp. ureolyticus) on day 5 and in lyophilized treated cells, Gr. III (767177, S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum) on day 10 as compared to control (307016, S. aureus). Conclusion: The result suggested that biofield treatment has significant impact on S. aureus in lyophilized treated cells with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values and biochemical reactions pattern. Apart from these, biotype numbers with new species were observed in revived treated group on day 5 as Staphylococcus capitis subsp. ureolyticus and in lyophilized cells as Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticum with respect to control, i.e., S. Aureus.
Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial colonies: An assay and experiments with Staphylococcus aureus
2016
A method is presented to evaluate in vitro the efficacy of antibiotics to treat bacteria growing as discrete colonies on surfaces and the contribution of the colony structure to the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria. Using this method, we explored the relative efficacy of six bactericidal and three bacteriostatic antibiotics to inhibit the growth and kill Staphylococcus aureus colonies of different sizes, densities and ages. As measured by the reduction in viable cell density relative to untreated controls, of the bactericidal drugs tested ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were most effective. By this criteria, ampicillin was more effective than oxacillin. Daptomycin and vancomycin were virtually ineffective for treating S. aureus growing as colonies. The bacteriostatic antibiotic tested, tetracycline, linezolid and erythromycin were all able to prevent the growth of S. aureus colonies and did so even more effectively than daptomycin, which is highly bactericidal in liquid culture. T...
2021
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a multifaceted and vicious pathogen in humans. It has been deftly established as a clinical and epidemiological pathogen and serves as the genesis of infections in many parts of the body. This research work carried out bacteria ecosystem surveillance in S. aureus using selected antimicrobial agents and also assessed the impact of combined antimicrobial therapy.One hundred and seventy seven (177) Staphylococcal isolates were obtained from various specimens submitted to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Shika over a cumulative period of eight months. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using ten antimicrobial discs in solid media by disc agar diffusion method. The antimicrobial discs chosen belong to five antimicrobial agents’ classes namely; Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, Sulphonamides and Glycopeptides. The susceptibility profile in this research work showed t...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International , 2021
Introduction: Frequent exposure to certain biocidal agents such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl), triclosan and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) has been reported to induce significant changes in Staphylococcus aureus. However, very few studies of this type have been conducted with conventional antimicrobials. Aim: The current investigation aimed to explore the phenotypic changes (susceptibility to antibiotics, biofilm formation and relative pathogenicity) that occur in S. aureus after recurrent exposure to antimicrobials. Methods: We compared the effects of long-term exposure to ampicillin, cefazoline, kanamycin and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on their susceptibility to antibiotics, biofilm formation, growth rate and pathogenicity in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microplate mircodilution method and the bacteria were exposed to increasing concentrations of each antimicrobial (MIC/2 to MIC) prepared in the BHIB for 8 days. The sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, the biofilm formation with crystal violet bacterial attachment assay and relative pathogenicity was assessed through a Galleria mellonella waxworm model. Results: The data in this investigation indicate that long-term exposure to antimicrobials may induce several changes in S. aureus. The exposure to ampicillin induced resistance to ceftazidime, tetracycline and ceftriaxone while the susceptibility to ceftazidime decreased in bacteria exposed to cefazolin and Kanamycin. Meanwhile, exposure to AgNPs induced some changes in susceptibility to trimethoprim and ceftazidime without causing resistance. Similarly, the strains exposed to ampicillin and kanamycin grew more rapidly and produced more biofilms than the control strains whereas the strains exposed to the AgNPs produced less biofilms. On G. melonella model, cefazolin seems to have attenuated the pathogenicity while the 3 other strains were more pathogenic than the controls. Conclusion: Long term exposure of S. aureus to antibiotics and AgNPs induces several changes in susceptibility to other antibiotics, growth rate, biofilm formation and pathogenicity; and these changes should be taken into account when choosing antibiotics for treatment of diseases caused by S. aureus.