Dynamic Modeling, Design, and Simulation of a Combined PEM Fuel Cell and Ultracapacitor System for Stand-Alone Residential Applications (original) (raw)
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TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control, 2022
Energy consumption by sector in Malaysia is rising significantly, especially for residential and commercial sectors, and is expected to continue to increase in the upcoming years. The existing power generated from a protonexchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system may be insufficient to sustain peak load demands during peak periods in stationary residential applications. The presence of an ultra-capacitor (UC) bank would be beneficial as a support as it can supply a large burst of power. The integration of PEMFC and UC has the potential to provide an effective way to supply power demands, has better energy efficiency, and is also economically friendly. In this research, we demonstrate a proposed combined PEMFC and UC bank that operates in parallel. A novel design methodology and dynamic model for both PEMFC and UC systems as energy sources have been developed for stand-alone residential applications. The simulation results are shown in Matlab Simulink. These results are based on mathematical and dynamic models of the system being shown.
Portable PEM fuel cell-ultracapacitor system: Model and experimental verification
International Journal of Energy Research, 2009
This paper presents a dynamic model of portable direct hydrogen fed proton exchange membrane fuel cell-ultracapacitor (PEMFC-UC) power source. In the proposed system the UC is directly connected to the PEMFC output terminals. The UC is used to supply the power mismatch when the load is higher than the PEMFC output power. The model is then used to predict the output voltage and study the transient response of the PEMFC-UC system when subjected to rapid changes in the load. To validate the model, laboratory experiments are carried out using a 100 W commercially available PEMFC and an ultracapacitor. Results show a close agreement between the voltage and power responses of the proposed model and the actual PEMFC-UC system.
Energy Conversion and Management, 2007
Fuel cell (FC) technologies are expected to become a viable solution for vehicular applications because they use alternative fuel converters and are environmentally friendly. However, a stand alone FC system may not be sufficient to satisfy the load demands, especially during cold start, peak demand periods or transient events, for vehicular applications. In addition, the FC system is not capable of being reversed for regenerative energy. An ultra-capacitor (UC) bank can supply a large burst of power but cannot store much energy. By operating the FC and UC in parallel, both steady state and peak power demands can be satisfied. Use of a FC/UC hybrid model provides a potential solution for better energy efficiency while reducing the cost of FC power technology. This paper describes a new modeling and design methodology for FC/UC hybrid vehicular power systems. A feasible design and a dynamic model have been presented for the proposed technique. Simulation results are presented, using the MATLAB Ò , Simulink Ò and SimPowerSystems Ò environments, based on the mathematical and electrical models of the proposed system.
Design and dynamic modeling of a fuel cell/ultra capacitor hybrid power system
2013 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Software Applications, 2013
The aim of this paper is firstly to describe the design than to introduce a new approach of dynamic modeling and simulation results of a Fuel cell/Ultra capacitor (FC/ULC) hybrid power system. The developed model is represented in the state space, so it can be used to implement a suitable control strategy. The given design shows that the transient behavior, effect of the Fuel Cell, is eliminated by the use of the Ultra capacitor through the Flyback converter (FlBC). Thus, the output voltage from the source is maintained with a certain range and meets power demand of the load at high efficiency.
Energy Management in PEM Fuel Cell, Ultra Capacitor Hybrid System
— Fuel cell is a simple energy conversion device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Fuel cells have the potential to be more efficient than a gasoline or diesel engines. But the dynamic performance of the fuel cell is poor due to several factors. Also it is hazardous for the fuel cell to supply a dynamically varying load. So a hybrid system in which the fuel cell is dynamically supported by either a battery or a super capacitor or both is used. This helps in the improved performance of the Fuel cell, grid and the load. The life of the fuel cell is also extended. Sizing of the secondary energy source device such as an Ultra Capacitor or a battery plays a vital role in the energy and cost optimization of the hybrid system. By adopting proper energy management scheme, the performance can be made still better. This paper proposes a method for optimal sizing of Super Capacitors as the secondary energy source and an effective and efficient way of integrating the Fuel Cell and the Super Capacitors to the load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2015
https://www.ijert.org/simulation-model-of-a-hybrid-photo-voltaic-fuel-cell-ultra-capacitor-system-for-stand-alone-applications https://www.ijert.org/research/simulation-model-of-a-hybrid-photo-voltaic-fuel-cell-ultra-capacitor-system-for-stand-alone-applications-IJERTV4IS060914.pdf A stand-alone power system is an autonomous system that supplies electricity to the user load without being connected to the electric grid. This kind of decentralized system is frequently located in remote and inaccessible areas with low population density lacking even the basic infrastructure. In this paper a hybrid model which couples a Photo Voltaic generator (PV), a water electrolyzer, a storage gas tank, a Fuel Cell system (FC) and an Ultra-Capacitor is used. The system is intended to be an environmentally friendly solution since it tries to maximize the use of renewable energy sources. Electricity is produced by a PV generator to meet the requirements of users. Whenever there is enough solar radiation the user load can be powered totally by the PV. During periods of low solar radiation, auxiliary electricity is required to meet the demand. A high pressure water electrolyzer is powered by the excess energy from the PV generator to produce hydrogen and oxygen. The FC consumes these gases and produces electricity to meet the user demand when the PV energy is deficient, so that it works as an auxiliary generator. If the rate of load demand increases the outside limits of FC capability, the UC bank meets the load demand above that which is provided by PV and FC systems. The integration of renewable energy sources to form a hybrid system is an excellent option for distributed energy production. The model is developed and applied in the MATLAB and Simulink environment based on the mathematical and electrical models developed for the proposed systems Keywords-Dynamic model, Photo Voltaic, Fuel Cell, Ultra-Capacitor I. INTRODUTION The concentration on the use of fossil fuels for energy supply is the main threat for the stability of the global climate system and our natural living conditions. To conserve our globe, the scientific community gave evidence that mankind has to decrease the green house emissions, like CO 2 and methane. In order not to harm our natural living spaces and threaten their resilience, a renewed compatibility would require a suitable form of energy alternatives sources that should be independent, easily accessible, and low in cost and should be environmentally clean. Renewable energy, and in particular power generation from solar energy using Photo Voltaic (PV) has emerged in last decades since it has the aforesaid advantages and less maintenance, no wear and tear. The main application of PV systems are in either stand-alone systems such as water pumping, domestic and street lightening, electric vehicles, military and space applications or grid-connected configurations like hybrid systems and power plants. PV generators directly convert solar radiation into electricity. Due to harmless environmental effect of PV generators, they are replacing electricity generated by other polluting ways and even more popular for electricity generator where none was available before. With increasing penetration of solar PV devices, various anti-pollution apparatus can be operated by solar power. The power generated by a PV system is highly dependent on weather conditions. For example, during cloudy periods and at night, the PV system could not generate any power. In addition, it is difficult to store the power generated by a PV system for future use. To overcome this problem, a PV system can be integrated with other alternate power sources and/or storage systems, such as electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tank[1 4 5], Fuel Cell systems and Ultra-Capacitor bank. The combination of FC and UC bank is an attractive choice due to their higher efficiency, fats load-response, flexible and modular structure for use with other alternative sources such as PV systems or wind turbines. The integration of renewable energy sources to form a hybrid system is an excellent option for distributed energy production. In order to efficiently and economically utilize renewable energy resources of wind and PV applications, some form of back up is almost universally required. Storage energy systems (SES) as battery banks or super capacitors are very important for solar-wind power generation systems.
Design and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Based System for Residential Application
2015
Among Renewable energy technologies, fuel cell based power generation is gaining popularity in the residential sector mainly due to reliability, high efficiency, cleanliness and small scale applicability. This paper focuses on the modeling and the simulation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell based power supply system for residential applications. The polarization curve of a stack of 65 fuel cells is plotted by using MATLAB. Open loop and closed loop Simulation of a Fuel cell based system is carried out in MATLAB SIMULINK environment and the results are also discussed. Simulation model consist of PEMFC – MATLAB model, full bridge DC-DC converter and a single phase PWM inverter followed by an LC filter.
2016
A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (FCs) with ultracapacitor (UC) and battery (BT) hybrid system has fast transient response compare to stand alone FCs. This hybrid system is promising candidates for environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. An energy management system design and control strategy was introduced in this study. The energy management strategy FC/UC/BT hybrid system model has been developed and the control strategy was programmed in the LabVIEW™ environment and implemented using National Instrument (NI) devices. The energy management strategy is able to manage the energy flow between the main power source (FCs) and auxiliary sources (UC and BT). To control the hybrid system and achieved proper performance, a controller circuit was developed with the three energy sources aligned in parallel to deliver the requested power. The developed model demonstrates the proportion power from the FC, UC and BT under various load demand. Experimental results demonstrate that FC/UC/BT hybrid system operated automatically with the varying load condition. The experimental results are presented; showing that the proposed strategy utilized the characteristic of both energy storage devices thus satisfies the load requirement.
Energy management of fuel cell/solar cell/supercapacitor hybrid power source
Journal of Power Sources, 2011
This study presents an original control algorithm for a hybrid energy system with a renewable energy source, namely, a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a photovoltaic (PV) array. A single storage device, i.e., a supercapacitor (ultracapacitor) module, is in the proposed structure. The main weak point of fuel cells (FCs) is slow dynamics because the power slope is limited to prevent fuel starvation problems, improve performance and increase lifetime. The very fast power response and high specific power of a supercapacitor complements the slower power output of the main source to produce the compatibility and performance characteristics needed in a load. The energy in the system is balanced by d.c.-bus energy regulation (or indirect voltage regulation). A supercapacitor module functions by supplying energy to regulate the d.c.-bus energy. The fuel cell, as a slow dynamic source in this system, supplies energy to the supercapacitor module in order to keep it charged. The photovoltaic array assists the fuel cell during daytime. To verify the proposed principle, a hardware system is realized with analog circuits for the fuel cell, solar cell and supercapacitor current control loops, and with numerical calculation (dSPACE) for the energy control loops. Experimental results with small-scale devices, namely, a PEMFC (1200 W, 46 A) manufactured by the Ballard Power System Company, a photovoltaic array (800 W, 31 A) manufactured by the Ekarat Solar Company and a supercapacitor module (100 F, 32 V) manufactured by the Maxwell Technologies Company, illustrate the excellent energy-management scheme during load cycles.
Hybrid fuel cell-supercapacitor system: modeling and energy management using Proteus
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2024
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents a promising solution for achieving sustainable transportation and reducing carbon emissions. To keep pace with technological advancements in the vehicular industry, this paper proposes the development of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and an energy management strategy (EMS) for EVs, implemented using Proteus Spice Ver 8. The HESS consists of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as the primary source and a supercapacitor (SC) as the secondary source. The EMS, integrated into an electronic board based on the STM32, utilizes a low-pass filter algorithm to distribute energy between the sources. The accuracy of the proposed PEMFC and SC models is validated by comparing Proteus simulation results with experimental tests conducted on the Bahia didactic bench and Maxwell SC bench, respectively. To optimize energy efficiency, simulations of the HESS system involve adjusting the hybridization rate through changes in the cutoff frequency. The analysis compares the state-of-charge (SOC) of the SC and the voltage efficiency of the fuel cell (FC), across different frequencies to optimize overall system performance. The results highlight that the chosen strategy satisfies the energy demand while preserving the FC's dynamic performance and optimizing its utilization to the maximum.