Urban Development (original) (raw)
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Urbanisation in India Pranati Datta Population Studies Unit
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Structure and Pattern of Urbanisation in Punjab: A Macro Level Analysis
_______________________________________________________________ Unprecedented growth of urban population presents a major challenge for sustainable economic growth. The State of Punjab which was known for its agricultural performance and dynamic rural economy upto 1990s is now emerging as a service economy dominated by urban sector. The State of Punjab has emerged as the sixth major urbanised State in India. According to the 2011 census 37.49 per cent of the State's population is living in urban areas and contributing nearly 60 per cent to State's GDP. The majority of the growing urban population was absorbed by the big urban centers which are likely to cause multiple problems such as lack of basic amenities and infrastructural deficiencies in these cities. Although the movement of population from lower order towns towards high order towns and cities and outgrowth of urban areas kept urban density almost stagnant, the area under urban units has progressed more than three times from 1971 to 2001. The net rural-urban migration has been increasing since 1971, which leads to the problem of slum growth and urban poverty in Punjab. _______________________________________________________________
2020
Urbanization is the process which transforms rural areas into urban areas as agricultural pursuits common to villages change into non-agricultural and corresponding change of behavioural patterns also take place. This process is predominantly associated with industrialization and economic growth which is eventually allied with urban development. It creates several job opportunities in the urban area and plays a significant role in declining poverty and unemployment. Belgaum, one of the largely populated districts of northern Karnataka and having a slow growth rate of urban population has been selected as the study area. The present paper attempts to understand the process of urbanization, its volume, trend, pattern, cause and consequences based on census data during 1901-2011. The study shows both spatio-temporal variations in the decadal and spatial pattern of growth and distribution of total and urban population, outline of urbanization in light of growth of urban settlements by s...
Population Trend of Urban India
This paper tries to draw attention on the increasing urbanisation trend in India. It tries to highlight that though presently, in absolute terms, the urban population is relatively much lesser than the rural population, still we cannot afford to overlook the shifting rural to urban population trends. The share of urban population of the total is constantly increasing. It is estimated that close to the year 2050 more people in India would live in urban areas rather than rural. This makes the time apt for looking into the urban India challenges separately, strategising afresh, with focus on urban issues and not merely extending the existing development strategies, with less focus on urban issues. Also, this paper tries to explore that if population share of urban is increasing, population in which class of cities are increasing the most? It is expected that this information would help prioritise our urban centric development strategies. The paper uses the available secondary information sources for carrying out its exploration. The total population of India, as per the 2011 Census of India, was 1.21 Billion of which 833.46 Million, which is about 69% of the total, lives in rural areas while 377.1 Million, which is 31% of the total population, live in urban areas. If we compare this rural-urban population divide, we see that over two-third of India resides in rural areas. While little less than one-third of the total population lives in urban areas. Based on sheer weight of population the focus of development planning in India has largely have had rural focus, which is needed. However, in due course, on urban development got almost neglected and this did not help the cause. In recent past, " although the budgetary allocations for urban development have risen substantially (with JNNURM project) still these do not compare with the allocation for schemes and interventions for rural India. The per capita expenditure on the urban sector at Rs. 1,566.00 is significantly lower than the per capita expenditure in the rural sector, which is Rs. 7,433.00 for
2013
The paper analyses the urbanisation trends in different states of India from three perspectives, viz., growth in urban population vis-à-vis rural population; expansion in number of large towns and cities together with changes in proportion of urban population accounted for by them; and the compositional changes and growth in area put to non-agricultural uses. For the purpose of study, data were collected at three points of time, viz., 1983-84, 1993-94 and 2004-05. The findings revealed relatively greater level of urbanisation in the states of Goa, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Punjab than other states in terms of proportion of urban population in total population. All the states recorded higher growth rate of urban population as compared to that of rural population during both the two previous inter census periods. Urban population growth per annum during 1991-2001 was highest for Delhi, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Punjab. Thus it seems that both urban growth and ...
URBANIZATION PROCESS, TREND, PATTERN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN INDIA
The study attempts to understand the Urbanization Process, Trend, Pattern and its Consequences based on census data during 1901-2011 in India. The regional variations in the distribution of urban population are significant. Results show that India urban population has increased from 2.58 crores in 1901 to 37.71 crores in 2011 due to rapid industrialization and rural to urban migration. Percent urban has increased from 11% in 1901 to 31% in 2011; Urbanization in India has been relatively slow compared to many developing countries. India is at acceleration stage of the process of urbanization According to 2011, Census of India; Goa is the highly urbanized state with an urban population of 62.1 percent. The numbers of million plus cities have increased from 9 in 1951 to 23 in 1991 and to 50 in 2011. Share of Metropolitan cities population has increased 18.9 percent in 1951 to 42.3 percent in 2011 Rapid urbanization raises many issues that might have both positive and negative impacts on the environment. The monitoring urbanization is a vital role of planner, management, governmental and non governmental organizations for implementing policies to optimize the use of natural resources and accommodate development at the same time minimizing the impact on the environment.
URBANIZATION IN INDIA – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE CONSEQUENCES
Population increase is a natural phenomena but this increase is disproportionate in the rural and urban segment of the society. Urban population is growing more rapidly than the rural, resulting gradual decrease in the percentage share of rural population among total population across the world. This urbanization process has been aggravated by the urban growth of Asian continent which has a lion-share of world population. The South Asian region though predominantly rural (accounted for 69.9% rural population as on 2010), has recorded much higher annual growth of urban population. India, the leading country in South Asia has shown an unprecedented increase in urban population in last few decades and its urban population has increased about 14 fold from 1901 to 2011. This growth is mainly uneven but not skewed and not concentrated to a single city of the country. The state-wise distribution of large cities and million plus populous cities has been mapped across the country. The paper depicts the state-wise/region-wise trend of urbanization based on historical time-series data and future state of urbanization across the country. The urbanization is considered as a potential demographic dividend but rapid and unplanned urbanization is creating havoc, particularly in metropolitan cities in India. The carrying capacity of cities and environmental condition is under threat due to unexpected urban growth and unplanned industrialization respectively. The problem of slums and other infrastructure facilities can be managed through effective infrastructure planning and government initiatives. Although these analyses are based on secondary data and futuristic projection based on it has some variability as urban growth is affected by several factors, yet it makes an attempt to map the extent of distribution of urban growth across the country.
URBANISATION IN INDIA-TRENDS AND ISSUES.
Urbanization is one of the important outcomes of the process of the economic growth and is one of the oldest phenomenon of the human existence and the process of civilization. The growth of urban population and hence the process of urbanization has been very rapid in the recent years specifically during the 20th century. Urbanization in India, like the other developing regions, has also been witnessed largely in the second half of the 20th century. The growth of cities of different class sizes in India indicates a faster growth of the urban population and its concentration in the big cities. Moreover, there has also been a considerable increase in the number of cities with million plus population in the country. The major issues related to urbanization include migration, degradation of environment, pollution, slum settlements and urban poor raise significant concerns regarding the urbanization process. Tackling these issues requires high amount of planning both at micro as well as macro levels. The modern approach to planning is viewed in terms of moving away from the traditional planning system and is required to have a decentralized and participatory approach.
The concept of urban and the phenomenon of urbanization are somewhat new to the human populations. In fact compared to the entire history of human evolution, it has only been fairly recently that people have begun to live in relatively dense urban agglomerations. Nonetheless, the speed at which societies have become urbanized is striking, and the extent to which the societies of today are urbanized and the size of present day agglomerates is unprecedented. Kingsley in his book notes that before 1850, no society could be described as being fundamentally urban in nature (kingsley, 1959). Today, all industrial nations, and many of the less developed countries, could be described as being urban societies. Moreover, the world is overall becoming more and more urban as time goes by as those living in less developed societies move toward the urban living patterns that have been common in some advanced societies for some time. Despite this rapid transformation of societies from primarily rural to primarily urban, and the importance of this evolution for the study of human population, the notion of urban remains fleeting, changing from time to time, differing across political boundaries, and being modified depending upon the purpose that the definition of the urban world serves. At times, the urban population are defined in terms of administrative boundaries, at times in terms of functional boundaries, and at times they are defines in terms of ecological factors such as density and population size. Although many of today’s social problems involves living in very large urban agglomerates, these divergences in defining the notion of urban has made It difficult to conduct comparative studies on urban population across time and across borders. In a sense, then, the difficulties encountered in defining urban create barriers to completely understand the phenomenon and finding solutions to a host of social problems that involve the urban population.