Macroanatomic structure and morphometric analysis of middle ear in ostrich (Struthio camelus) (original) (raw)
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Acta Zoologica, 2014
The ostrich hyobranchial apparatus consists of the centrally positioned paraglossalia and basiurohyale and paired caudo-lateral elements (horns), each consisting of the ceratobranchiale and epibranchiale. The paraglossalia lie within the tongue parenchyma and consist of paired, flat, caudo-laterally directed cartilages joined rostrally. The basiurohyale forms a single dorso-ventrally flattened unit composed of an octagonal-shaped body from which extend rostral (the rostral process) and caudal (the urohyale) projections. The laryngeal skeleton consists of cricoid, procricoid and paired arytenoid cartilages. The large ring-shaped cricoid cartilage displays a body and paired wings which articulate with each other and with the procricoid. The blunt, ossified, rostral projection of the cricoid and the scalloped nature of the arytenoid cartilages are unique to the ostrich. The procricoid is a single structure which links the paired arytenoids and wings of the cricoid. The hyobranchial apparatus is firmly attached to the tongue parenchyma and to the larynx and proximal trachea. In contrast to previous reports in this species, the horns of the hyobranchial apparatus are not related to the skull. Ossification of the body of the basihyale, the ceratobranchials and the rostral process and body of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx lends stability to these structures.
Gross Anatomical Studies on The Nasal Cavity of The Ostrich
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
The aim of the present study is to analyse the anatomical structure of the nasal cavity of ostrich (Struthio camelus). Twelve heads of adult ostriches of both sex were used. The anatomical description were one by using of normal anatomical dissection of the samples and making several transverse and sagittal sections through the nasal cavity. In addition computed tomography (CT) images were taken to whole head for more investigation and correlate the results of CT scan with that of anatomical sections. The obtained results showed that the nostrils of ostrich are unique as they had nither operculum at entance nor fearhers. The nasal conchae were observed with will developed middle one which also showed more complex scroll in CT images. Nasal gland and infraorbital sinus; related to the nasal cavity also descriped in this study. The obtained result discussed with previous literatures to gave a reliable explanation to the anatomical structure which help to understand disease and possible treatments of the upper respiratory tract in ostrich.
Anatomical and morphometric studies on the axial skeleton of ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Zoomorphology, 2024
The present study showed a descriptive anatomical study of the parts of the axial skeleton in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) in addition to a morphometric study of each bone. We studied 7 male ostriches aged from 1 to 3 years with an average weight of 120.00 kg. The cranium exhibited two vast orbits supported by a sclerotic ring. Hyoid apparatus was fine delicate horseshoeshaped and comprised Basihyale, Urohyale, and Cornu branchiale. Cornu branchiale were paired and long rod-shaped, consisting of a proximal bony part Ceratobranchiale and slightly curved distal cartilaginous process, the Epibranchiale located on either side of the hyoid apparatus. The whole vertebral column comprised 54 vertebrae, including 18 cervical vertebrae, 7 separated thoracic vertebrae, a synsacrum, and 9 separated caudal vertebrae. Atlas had a butterfly-shape with a narrow width and large vertebral foramen. Axis had a protruded dens with a rounded tip that arose from the cranial surface of the body for articulation with the Incisura fossae of atlas. Several Pneumatic foramina were found in the cervical vertebrae. The transverse foramen was found in all the cervical vertebrae except atlas. The ribs were nine pairs in number, the sternal ribs extended from the third to the seventh rib while the rest were asternal floating ribs. The sternum was a broad quadrilateral extensive bone, lacking the keel bone. It had dorsally several Pneumatic foramina.
Anatomy of the Middle Ear Region of the Avian Skull: Sphenisciformes
2003
WHEN I reviewed the literature on the middle ear region of birds (Saiff 1974), it became obvious that few anatomical studies have been made on this region in birds, penguins in particular. Watson's (1883) report on the anatomy of the Sphenisciformes lacks any details on the middle ear. Walker (1888) studied quadrate morphology in a large variety of birds including Sphenisciformes. Pycraft (1898) described the skull of penguins but passed over the middle ear region save for a few brief statements regarding the quadrate, basitemporal platform, eustachian tube, and the trigeminal foramen. Shufeldt (1901) also failed to go into details of the middle ear region in his osteological study of the penguins. More recently, in a study of the evolution of penguins, Simpson (1946) described the skull of Paraptenodytes antarcticus, a fossil penguin. This study theorized a close relationship between the penguins and the Procellariiformes. Crompton (1953) made a further study on penguins and di...
Morphometric studies on the appendicular bony skeleton of the ostriches (Struthio Camelus)
BMC Veterinary Research
Background Morphometric study of the bony elements of the appendicular skeleton in the ostrich was fully described and identified. The appendicular skeleton included the bones of the pectoral girdle, the wing, the pelvic girdle and the pelvic limb. Results The shoulder girdle of the ostrich included the scapula and coracoid bones. The scapula appeared as a flattened spoon-like structure. The coracoid bone appeared quadrilateral in outline. The mean length of the scapula and coracoid (sternal wing) were 15.00 ± 0.23 and 10.00 ± 0.17 cm, respectively. The wing included the humerus, ulna, radius, radial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, carpometacarpus and phalanges of three digits. The mean length of the humerus, radius, and ulna were 33.00 ± 0.46, 10.50 ± 0.40 and 11.50 ± 0.29 cm respectively. The carpometacarpus was formed by the fusion of the distal row of carpal bones and three metacarpal bones. Digits of the wing were three in number; the alular, major and minor digits. Os coxae co...
A histological study of the development of the avian middle ear and tympanum
The Anatomical Record, 1978
The development of the middle ear and tympanum of Gallus gallus has been studied in embryos Hamilton-Hamburger stages 20-46. Particular attention was paid to the pattern of expansion of the pharyngeal pouch forming the tympanic cavity, and the histogenesis of the tissues of the region of the vestibular window. I t is concluded that pouch expansion is brought about by simple epithelial growth into regions devoid of mesenchyme. The mesenchyme does not show significant cell death, but differentiates a s connective tissue, macrophages, and sinus vascular spaces. The epithelium of the mature cavity is of endodermal origin, and there is no indication of celomic contributions. We provide a detailed morphological analysis of the development of the footplate from cells of both the second visceral arch and the otic capsule. These detailed observations on the patterns of chondrification of columella and capsular tissues permit the presentation of a model for cellular interactions leading to the differentiation of the annular ligament.
The middle ear of the skull of birds: the Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1978
The anatomy of the middle ear region of the skull is described for the families of the Avian orders Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes. Emphasis is placed on the foramina and paths of the nerves and blood vessels. The morphology of the basicranium and quadrate is also discussed. Comparative analyses of the characters are used to assess taxonomic conclusions.
The Anatomical Record, 2014
The distribution of Herbst corpuscles in the oropharynx of the ostrich and emu has recently been documented. However, although the morphology of these mechanoreceptors is well known in neognathous birds, little structural information is available on the Herbst corpuscles of ratites. Tissue sections from those regions of the oropharynx known to possess a high concentration of Herbst corpuscles were sampled from ostrich and emu heads collected after slaughter and prepared for light and transmission electron microscopy. Intra-oral Herbst corpuscles in the ostrich and emu displayed the same basic components (capsule, outer zone, inner core and axon) described in neognathous birds. However, some important differences were observed, notably, the presence of myofibroblasts in the capsule, sensory cilia in cells of the outer layers, a relatively larger, less organised outer zone and narrower inner core, and variations in the shape of the axon. The previously unreported presence of myofibroblasts in the capsule possibly indicates its ability to contract, thus altering the tension of the capsule, which in turn has implications for the conduction of vibrational stimuli. The sensory cilia in the myofibroblasts of the capsule bordering the outer zone, and in the fibroblasts of the outer zone itself, may play a regulatory role in controlling the contraction of the capsule. Such a function has not previously been reported for Herbst corpuscles in any species of bird.