Analysis of storage in Liquefied Petroleum Gas systems: Stationary Tanks vs. Cylinders (original) (raw)
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Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, 2017
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is among the most common and ubiquitous of the fossil fuelsemployed by us. In contrast to other fossil fuels commonly used by everyone in day-to-day living ─ petrol, diesel, and kerosene ─ which all are a highly flammable, hence hazardous, LPG does not only carry flammability hazard but also the risk of explosion. Due to the very extensive and continuous use of LPG, the risk of LPG−related accident is ever present. This paper deals with the risk associated with the storage of LPG in large installations and reviews the safety codes prescribed by different agencies across the world to minimize the risk. It then presents comparative views of the stipulations of different codes for different site characteristics.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage Tanks Boil-off Gas Generation and Management-Review
International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, 2023
This study is to review works on Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) storage tanks, in order to assess boil-off gas generation and management. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. It also powers many business and agricultural processes. In Nigeria, LPG is becoming more useful, especially now that the government is positioning LPG as an alternative for the eventual replacement of firewood and kerosene as domestic cooking fuel, and also canvassing the use of LPG as vehicle fuel for transportation. These have resulted in the emergence of a lot of LPG skid plants, without proper boil-off gas (BOG) recovery systems, thus raising safety and profitability concerns. The generation of boil-off gas in the storage tank causes losses in the LPG supply chain over time. BOG is the continuously evaporated or boiled LPG vapor that causes the pressure inside the tank to rise due to heat entering the tank during storage and transportation, which may change the quality of LPG over time. This BOG is generated primarily due to heat leakage, resulting from the temperature difference between the ambient air and LPG. BOG generation rate is one of the most important factors for the safety and economic assessment of LPG storage tanks.
Oil and Gas Storage Tank Risk Analysis
2014
Storage tanks are widely used in the oil refinery and petrochemical industry in storing a multitude of different products ranging from gases, liquids, solids, and mixtures. Design and safety concerns have become a priority due to tank failures causing environment pollution as well as fires and explosions, which can result in injuries and fatalities. The chapter illustrates different types of crude oil and oil product storage tanks as well as the risks regarding the storage itself. Considering that the natural gas, in its gaseous state, is stored in underground storages like oil and gas depleted reservoirs, aquifers or salt caverns, and there are numerous publications and books covering the subject in detail, this chapter only illustrates the storage of liquefied natural gas and the risks posed by its storage.
European Journal of Technology
Purpose: LPG is increasingly becoming the preferred choice of household fuel in most parts of the world including Ghana. However, the unsafe handling of LPG cylinders used to store the gas could lead to various safety issues. This research, therefore, assessed the safety state of domestic LPG cylinders using a suburb of Afienya Township in the Greater Accra Region. Methodology: Questionnaires were distributed among 148 domestic LPG users to sample their views on domestic LPG cylinder safety knowledge. Applying the technique of triangulation, both closed and open-ended questions were used to sample views. Statistically, both qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on the data. The data was categorized and tabulated to address the purpose of the study. Findings: From the survey, it was discovered that 59.50% had virtually no idea or safety knowledge of LPG usage it was noted that 48.65% respondents transport LPG cylinders horizontally which is an unsafe practice of handli...
Risk assesment of LPG storage in Greece
Quantified risk assessment in major industrial areas is a valuable tool, which can be used in order to both assess the existing risk as well as to rationalize emergency preparedness and land use planning. Thriassion Plain and Thessalonica are the two major industrial regions in Greece. They both have a significant concentration of industries, which lie under the Seveso II directive. Specifically, installations that produce, store, bottle and distribute LPG are considered to pose significant risks to the surrounding areas. Quantified risk assessment has been performed for those two areas and is presented in this study.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Transportation and Storage in Ghana: The Safety Perspective
2019
1State Key Laboratory for Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao City, 266580, Shandong Province, China 2Department of Factories Inspectorate, Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations, Box 1932, Kumasi, Ghana 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana 4Department of Catalysis Chemistry and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
2018
The study done on this paper focuses on "improving the loading capacity of LPG bottles of the gas filling centres in Cameroon". It came at a time when the demand for LPG bottles is growing. The absence, failure, and efficiency of the gas filling centres have a direct influence to the economy of Cameroon, whereas the filling of these bottles is a key element in the production chain. The loading operation to the trucks is an important task in the gas filling centres. The objective of this paper is to design a palletizer to reduce the loading time of LPG bottles and to ensure the safety of the workers. To achieve this goal, the adopted methodology begins with a functional analysis of a palletizing unit, followed by the choice of components and then sizing these different components. The LPG bottles under study have a diameter of 290 mm and a height of 600 mm. The classic process of palletization retained has many advantages in particular a high speed and its flexibility. The loading capacity of the palletizer is 14 bottles per minute. The unit is consist of 2 pneumatic cylinders of 300 mm and 700 mm length, 80 mm and 160 mm as rod diameters respectively. It also consists of 2 chain conveyors having 0.18kW and 0.55kW as engine power. This work had improved the performance of the studied filling centres by 36.81%..
In this work, a mathematical-based methodology is employed to develop a reliable model for the prediction of safe volume for liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) storage vessels. To this end, a novel soft computing approach namely least square support vector machine (LSSVM) modeling optimized with coupled simulated annealing (CSA) optimization technique is utilized. To evaluate the performance and accuracy of the LSSVM model, graphical (cross plot and error distribution curve) and statistical (error parameters) analyses have been utilized. Additionally, comparative studies are conducted between the LSSVM model and a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) model. Obtained results prove that the proposed CSA-LSSVM model is more robust, reliable and efficient than the developed MLP-ANN model for the prediction of liquid volume correction factor. Consequently, the developed LSSVM model results indicate an average absolute relative deviation equals to 0.02782% from the corresponding liquid volume correction factor literature values, and a squared correlation coefficient of 0.9999.
Consequence Analysis of LPG Storage Tank
Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018
Consequence modeling refers to the calculation or estimation of numerical values (or graphical representation) that describes the credible physical outcomes of loss of containment scenarios involving f1ammable explosive and toxic materials with respect to their impact on people, assets or safety functions. The need to risk assessment and consequence modelling of process plant and hazardous storage facilities has become exceedingly critical due to the trend towards larger and more complex units that process toxic, flammable and otherwise hazardous chemicals under extreme temperature and pressure conditions. Moreover, the proximity of many such units to densely populated areas may magnify the potential damage. There are several types of explosion including deflagration, detonation, dust explosion, vapor cloud explosion and boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). PHAST RISK analyses complex consequences from accident scenarios, taking account of local population, land usage and weather conditions, to quantify the risk associated with the release of hazardous materials. In this project consequence analysis of LPG sphere is performed by PHAST 6.5.
Modelling the Consequences of Explosion, Fire and Gas Leakage in Domestic Cylinders Containing LPG
Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 2018
Background: One of the substances with a high potential of damaging that nowadays is used widely in industry and human environment is LPG gas cylinders. Aim: The purpose of this study is modeling the consequences of gas leakage in domestic cylinders containing LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas). Subjects and Methods: The factors affecting discharging and emissions of LPG gas in 26, 60, 78 and 107 liter cylinders were described. ALOHA software was used as one of the best software for modeling gas emissions from tank storage, and emergency response program was presented at the time of the gas leakage based on modeling results. Results: The results showed that in all 4 types of examined cylinder up to distance 11 meters around the tank of LPG gas, concentration of gas is 33000 ppm. This area is located in the AGEL-3 that there is the risk of death and threatens the lives of people. In case of full gas leakage from 60, 78 and 107 liters cylinders, respectively at the distance of 11, 12 and 1...