Oil and Gas Storage Tank Risk Analysis (original) (raw)
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In Ecuador, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is used as an energy source for residential, commercial and industrial equipment. In its natural state this fuel is in gas phase, but for easiness of transportation and storage it is liquefied and stored in containers called cylinders (by spare) or tanks (stationary), where it is re-gasified for consumption. The present work measures the remaining LPG that is returned in cylinders to the marketers, by 20 commercial and industrial users in Ecuador during a month, 8 with 15 kg cylinders and 12 with 45 kg cylinders. The average return was 3.82 kg/cyl. (25.49%) and 9.69 kg/cyl. (21.54%) respectively. Then, 8 safety parameters considered in the current Technical Standard in Ecuador were verified for these 20 facilities, and the results of those users who do not comply with these parameters are presented. Finally, some arguments are given about why there are economic and security advantages in the storage of LPG in stationary tanks over the storage in cylinders.
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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals ensure the production, storage, and transportation of LNG. Therefore, it assembles critical equipment that can cause hazards to personnel, assets, and the environment. This paper presents a risk assessment for an LNG storage tank release in an LNG terminal. Risk assessment was conducted by applying a HAZOP study, Bowtie analysis, fault tree analysis, and ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) simulation. The results were to identify causes, consequences, and safeguards of hazards related to over and under pressure in an LNG storage tank. Moreover, a bowtie analysis was established for LNG loss of containment (LOC) from flammable liquids storage tanks. In addition, a fault tree analysis was presented to identify the causes of tank failure considering pressure hazards. Finally, the consequences of LNG released from the storage tank are simulated using the ALOHA software
Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, 2017
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is among the most common and ubiquitous of the fossil fuelsemployed by us. In contrast to other fossil fuels commonly used by everyone in day-to-day living ─ petrol, diesel, and kerosene ─ which all are a highly flammable, hence hazardous, LPG does not only carry flammability hazard but also the risk of explosion. Due to the very extensive and continuous use of LPG, the risk of LPG−related accident is ever present. This paper deals with the risk associated with the storage of LPG in large installations and reviews the safety codes prescribed by different agencies across the world to minimize the risk. It then presents comparative views of the stipulations of different codes for different site characteristics.
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The oblectwe of this paper is to d=scuss how the gradual development of design concepts for hquefied natural gas (LNG) storage systems has helped to enhance storage safety and economy The expenence m the UK =s compared with practme m other countries with similar LNG storage requ=rements Emphas~s is placed on the excellent record of safety and rehabd=ty exhibited by tanks with a primary metal container des=gned and constructed to approved standards The work carned out to promote the development of new matermls, fire protect=on, and momtormg systems for use =n LNG storage =s also summanzed, and spemfic examples descnbed from British Gas experience Finally, the trends m storage tank design world-wide and options for future des=gn concepts are discussed, bearing m mind planned legislation and design codes governing hazardous mstallatmns
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Consequence modeling refers to the calculation or estimation of numerical values (or graphical representation) that describes the credible physical outcomes of loss of containment scenarios involving f1ammable explosive and toxic materials with respect to their impact on people, assets or safety functions. The need to risk assessment and consequence modelling of process plant and hazardous storage facilities has become exceedingly critical due to the trend towards larger and more complex units that process toxic, flammable and otherwise hazardous chemicals under extreme temperature and pressure conditions. Moreover, the proximity of many such units to densely populated areas may magnify the potential damage. There are several types of explosion including deflagration, detonation, dust explosion, vapor cloud explosion and boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE). PHAST RISK analyses complex consequences from accident scenarios, taking account of local population, land usage and weather conditions, to quantify the risk associated with the release of hazardous materials. In this project consequence analysis of LPG sphere is performed by PHAST 6.5.
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Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) storage tanks are essential components for storing and distributing fuels. However, system failures due to inspection flaws increase the risk of leaks, fires, and explosions. Therefore, this study discussed the development of a safety system application applied to LPG storage tanks based on a risk-based leak (RBL) analysis. Data associated with risk factor values were obtained from an LPG storage tank in a gas distributor company. The risk of failure was calculated by analyzing the probability of failure (PoF) and the consequence of failure (CoF). The results showed that the level of risk observed was medium-high with a PoF in category 1 at a total damage factor value of 1. Furthermore, the CoF in category E was positioned with a consequence analysis value of 2381.29 m2 with an LPG storage tank life span of 33.5 years and an external inspection interval of five years.
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The aim of this article is to summarize the safety and security aspects of storing of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a potential alternative fuel. The contribution deals with possible scenarios of accidents associated with LNG storage facilities and with a methodology for the assessment of vulnerability of such facilities. The protection of LNG storage facilities as element of critical infrastructure should also be a matter of interest to the state. The study presents the results of determination of hazardous zones around LNG facilities in the event of various sorts of release. For calculations, the programs ALOHA, EFFECTS and TerEx were used and results obtained were compared. Scenarios modelled within this study represent a possible approach to the preliminary assessment of risk that should be verified by more detailed modelling (CFD). These scenarios can also be used for a quick estimation of areas endangered by an incident or accident. The results of modelling of the hazardous zones contribute to a reduction in risk of major accidents associated with these potential alternative energy sources.
A Methodology for the hazard assessment in large hydrocarbon fuel tanks
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This work presents a thorough hazards identification methodology for liquid hydrocarbon fuel storage tanks, by applying a checklist technique on the accident causes and the relevant protection measures, in the framework of implementing the SEVESO Directive series. A forum discussion with Greek industrial safety experts has also been organized by the authors in order to improve and correct any lack of the method. Results are presented and discussed, and it is concluded that the present hazard assessment method helps to identify the major contributors to risk, to improve safety measures and to assist the analysis in these aspects.