RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TOPIC: ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE SUBMITTED BY:ROUNAK VIRMANI (7318) VIVEK BEDI (7294) MRADUL RASTOGI(7278) BBA LL. B(H) SECTION -E (original) (raw)

Antibiotics Resistances: Past, Present and Future-Review paper

The discovery of antibiotics has helped to save the lives of an uncountable number of people. Antibiotics have been grouped in different classes based on their origin, structure, and mechanism of action. An intrinsic and acquired mechanism of antimicrobial resistance has been identified in many bacterial strains that are of high clinical importance. This has seriously jeopardized the use of antibiotics and has also caused the spread of microbes that are resistant to effective first-choice, or "first-line" drugs. Thus, sensible use of antibiotics and the search for effective alternative measures are of high importance in order to minimize the effect due to existing and emerging antimicrobial resistant microbes.

Factors, impacts and possible solutions of antibiotic resistance: Review article

World Scientific News, 2019

The discovery of antibiotics has helped to save the lives of an uncountable number of people. Unfortunately, their misuse and other related factors have led to the emergence and development of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to public health globally and threatens the ability to treat infectious diseases. The factors that contribute for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance are complex non-prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary and human medicine is, in large part, responsible for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Inappropriate prescription practices, inadequate education, poor drug quality, limited rapid diagnostic test facilities, poor hygiene, infection prevention and control practice are also other factors contribute for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Due to the emergency of new resistant bacteria and decrease in efficiency of treating common infectious diseases, it results in failure of microbial response to standard treatment, leading to prolonged illness, higher expenditures for health care, and an immense risk of death. Considering these serious impacts of antibiotic resistance several solutions have been proposed including antibiotic stewardship, educational program, hygiene, infection prevention and control strategy, adapting rapid methods for detecting resistance bacteria as well as developing new antibiotics and alternative therapeutic agents.

New perspectives on antibiotic resistance

Romanian Medical Journal, 2019

Antibiotics are considered to be "miracle" drugs responsible for controlling microbial infections. Over the years, multiple varieties of antibiotics have been used, both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, especially in the industrial and food sector. This has caused microorganisms resistant to different classes of antibiotics. The purpose of this article is to present the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, but also the challenges that current society faces after the excessive use of these drugs.

A Review Article On: Antibiotic Resistance

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2020

Antibiotics are the ‘wonder drugs’ to combat microbes. For decades, various types of antibiotics have not only been used for therapeutic purposes but practiced prophylactically across other industries such as agriculture and animal husbandry. Antibiotic-resistant infections correlate with the level of antibiotic consumption. Non-judicial use of antibiotics is one of the reason for making the microbes resistant. The antibiotic therapy store for emerging hard-to-treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is limited, resulting in high morbidity and mortality report. As per the World Health Organization “First worldwide Report on Antibiotic Resistance”, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC&P) and the spread of “superbugs” - bacteria that have changed in ways that provided antibiotics non effective against them - is a severe and growing threat around the world. Once common treatments for not only everyday intestinal and urinary tract infections but also pneumoni...

Antibiotic resistance: A current epilogue

The history of the first commercial antibiotics is briefly reviewed, together with data from the US and WHO, showing the decrease in death due to infectious diseases over the 20th century, from just under half of all deaths, to less than 10%. The second half of the 20th century saw the new use of antibiotics as growth promoters for food animals in the human diet, and the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st saw the beginning and rapid rise of advanced microbial resistance to antibiotics.

A Review on Antibiotic Resistance: Alarm Bells are Ringing

Cureus, 2017

Antibiotics are the 'wonder drugs' to combat microbes. For decades, multiple varieties of antibiotics have not only been used for therapeutic purposes but practiced prophylactically across other industries such as agriculture and animal husbandry. Uncertainty has arisen, as microbes have become resistant to common antibiotics while the host remains unaware that antibiotic resistance has emerged. The aim of this review is to explore the origin, development, and the current state of antibiotic resistance, regulation, and challenges by examining available literature. We found that antibiotic resistance is increasing at an alarming rate. A growing list of infections i.e., pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea are becoming harder and at times impossible to treat while antibiotics are becoming less effective. Antibiotic-resistant infections correlate with the level of antibiotic consumption. Non-judicial use of antibiotics is mostly responsible for making the microbes resistant. The antibiotic treatment repertoire for existing or emerging hard-to-treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is limited, resulting in high morbidity and mortality report. This review article reiterates the optimal use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health to reduce antibiotic resistance. Evidence from the literature suggests that the knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance in the population is still scarce. Therefore, the need of educating patients and the public is essential to fight against the antimicrobial resistance battle.

Antibiotic Resistance: A Universal Issue of Concern

Journal of pharmacy practice and community medicine, 2022

The antibiotic resistance forthwith is the worldwide severe health problem. Clinical and economically, outcomes are harmed by the antibiotic resistance, along with consequences ranging from a patient's failure to respond treatment and the expensive and alternative drugs costs higher morbidity and mortality rates, preponderant hospital stays and the need for changes in standard therapy. The usage of antibiotic in the population as a whole a few leading sources of antibiotic resistance. Patients who do not have a prescription are frequently given 'prescription-only' medications like antibiotics by pharmacists in undeveloped nations like India. There is a lack of information on how community pharmacists use antibiotics which is critical for developing a viable and long-term intervention programmed to encourage judicious antibiotic use. Antibiotics are one of the most effective weapons to fight against life-threatening illnesses. Their discoveries have a significant impact on human as well as animal health. Consequently, because of the advent and spread of antimicrobial resistance, people all around the world including Americans are sinking due to intractable diseases. In this review, we will look at the trapping of antibiotic resistance on the general public health, community, society and health care system. Resistance to antibiotics is a danger sign that is putting strain on healthcare systems and resulting in severe health loss; we must continue to monitor and support activities aimed at preventing and controlling the infection.

A Review on Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022

Antibiotics are miracle cures for fighting microorganisms. Treatment for bacterial illnesses is now available thanks to antibiotics. When antibiotics were first developed in the 1900s, it was believed that humanity had defeated microorganisms, but researchers have discovered that antibiotic resistance is rising at a concerning rate. Unfortunately, societal and economic circumstances, as well as the abuse and misuse of antibiotics in recent decades, have spread the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Both humans and animals are universally at risk from the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which is typically unavoidable. Furthermore, several studies found a link between antibiotic resistance and a higher risk of prolonged hospital stays and mortality, underscoring the significant clinical and financial costs of this phenomenon. At least 7000000 people worldwide currently pass away each year as a result of antimicrobial resistance. By 2050, the World Health Organization projects that this number could reach 10 million, underscoring the seriousness of the health issue. The world health organization coined the phrase "No action today, no cure tomorrow" in 2011 in response to the alarming epidemiological data, in order to quickly implement a new strategy to improve the use of currently available drugs and accelerate the introduction of new ones through a new phase of research involving private and public institutions. This review's objectives are to describe, the methodology to identify the resistant bacteria, their mechanisms of resistance, issues brought on by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potential solutions, and future advancements. The information from the literature implies that there is still little knowledge about the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, educating patients and the general public is crucial to combat antibiotic resistance.

An Insight Review on Antibiotic Resistance and Its Challenges

Review, 2019

Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that target bacterial infections. Currently, antimicrobial resistance to antibiotic agents is a major problem and a great challenge. It develops when the resistance of bacteria to an antimicrobial drug that was originally effective for the treatment. Diagnostic uncertainty, extensive and irrational antibiotic use in humans, animals, and agriculture and lack of awareness are among the factors which aggravate antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can acquire resistance through mutation or through horizontal transfer of genetic information and have developed sophisticated mechanisms of drug resistance to avoid killing by antimicrobial molecules. Those mechanisms are; modifications of the antibiotic molecule, chemical alterations of the antibiotic, destruction of the antibiotic molecule, decreased antibiotic penetration and efflux, changes in target sites, target protection, and global cell adaptations. Even though AMR is a global crisis, the threat posed by these resistant bacteria is exacerbated in developing countries due to sub-optimal hygiene conditions, poor infection prevention and control measures, lack of surveillance and the dearth antimicrobial stewardship programs. Awareness creation on rational use of drugs and understanding of antimicrobial resistance for the community, the implementation of recommended steps, disease prevention (vaccination), new policies to manage the crisis and renewed research efforts to find novel agents and approaches to treating bacterial infections could dramatically reduce these risks. Henceforward, this review article aims at giving insight into antibiotic resistance with special emphasis on its challenge.

[Resistance to antibiotic: A serious global problem]

Gaceta médica de México

An important piece of improvement in public health standards, medicine achievements, and development is based on the impressive effect of vaccines and antibiotics on infectious diseases. However, the last three or so decades have witnessed how an unsound use of antibiotics has resulted in antibiotic multi-resistant clones in hospitals and community environments. It also has been said that antibiotic research and the development pipeline has crashed, leading to no new antibiotic molecules to be tested at a time of treatment failure, manifest with unacceptable frequency as an increased economic and human cost in lives. Like the name of the series, antibiotic resistance is a global problem with clear evolutionary roots and a broad local impact. In that sense, this review explores the interaction among resistant mechanisms, underlying motives of expansion and actual trends in antibiotic resistance upgrade to limit the problem. Conceivably, only the involvement of players at every level,...