Estimating Ambient Air Quality of National Highway in the Outskirts of Chennai, South India using Air Quality Models (original) (raw)
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Analysis Of Highway Air Pollution
The traffic is growing at rapid rate in urban areas of India and the management of traffic operations on the limited road network of the cities has become a gigantic task to the concerned authorities. Despite the concerted efforts of concerned authorities aimed at augmenting road infrastructure, traffic congestion is continuing to increase leading to environmental degradation. Eventually, a major study was commissioned by the Government of India to quantify urban travel by road and associated air pollutants coming from automobile exhausts in eight cities namely, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kanpur and Agra. The main objective was to make an accurate assessment of total number of vehicles and develop database and techniques to estimate road traffic and pollution loads in each city. This paper describes operating characteristics of traffic and quantification of traffic and air pollution loads (base and horizon year) on major road network of Chennai city. Comparatively urbanization is moderate in India. This is because the major contributor to the Indian economy is agriculture and it is rural based. As per the Census of India 2001, the urban population of India is around 28 percent of the total population. This proportion of urban population has grown from ten percent in 1901 to twenty eight percent in 2001. The disturbing aspect of the urbanization trends in India is the skewed distribution of the urban population. Nearly seventy percent of the urban population is located in Class-I cities (i.e. population of 100 Thousand and above). Further, 38 percent of the total urban population is located in metropolitan cities (i.e. population of 1 million and above) numbering about thirty-five. This heavy concentration of population in a few centers has resulted in the expansion of cities in density as well as area.
Cities and town plays a vital role in promoting economic growth and prosperity in country. With growing population, vehicular air pollution is detected as an eminent problem in Rajkot city due to high growth of motorized vehicles. The increase in travel demand has resulted in rapid growth of number of motor vehicles, buses and other mode of transportation in the arterial and sub arterial road of Rajkot city. Environmental analysis of transportation system is an inclusive and demanding task. Traffic induced emissions pose a serious threat to air quality in many metropolitan cities. Along with increase in motorized vehicles in city amount of CO, CO2, SOX, NOX, and particular matter is also drastically increasing which cause unhealthy air to breathe in urban areas. The results of the study are discussed and contribution of each of the measures is evaluated. The results are carried out to quantify the emissions of interest for analyzation and traffic air pollution prediction model is developed according to that.
AIR POLLUTION DUE TO ROAD TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA: A REVIEW ON ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION STRATEGIES
Journal of Environmental Research And Deve lopment , 2013
Rapid urbanization and growth of motor vehicles impose a serious effect on human life and its environment in recent years. Most of the cities of India are being suffered by extremely high level of urban air pollution particularly in the form of CO, SO2, NO2, PM (Particulate Matter) and RSPM (Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter). Transport sectors contributes a major share to environmental pollution (around 70%). A among these pollutants CO is the major pollutant coming from the transport sector, contributing 90% of total emission. Hydrocarbons are next to CO .It is indeed interesting to observe that the contribution of transport sector to the particulate pollution is as less as 3-5%, most of the SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter) are generated due to re -suspension of dust out of which PM10 is the most prominent air pollutant. NOx is another important air quality indicator. All these situations indicate that air pollution becoming a major problem in Indian context and there is an essential need to built up healthy environment and increase level of research around the world. The present study is a review of an assessment model for emitted pollutants and effective strategies to reduce air pollution due to road transport.
IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2012
The rapid growth in motor vehicles activity in India and other rapidly industrializing low-income countries is contributing to high levels of urban air pollution, among other adverse socioeconomic, environmental, health, and welfare impacts. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relation between air quality and traffic with respect to Pune city from Jan 2008 to Dec 2011. Vehicle count and air quality was analyzed. Analytical and statistical method was applied. It was found that the strong correlation of increasing vehicles with nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO 2) and suspended particulate matters (SPM). Study shows that there is tremendous growth in vehicles from 2008 to 2011. Particulate matter (PM10), NOx concentrations levels were exceeding standards. Study found that there is increase in SO 2 concentration levels. Air quality correlation also analyzed with the fuel types and it was observed that petrol vehicles contribute more pollution than diesel.
Ambient Air Pollution Modeling in Puducherry, India
The increase in the number of motorcycles in Indian cities is due to several factors such as traffic, low cost, mobility, few parking lots and the low efficiency of public transportation, becoming an important factor in air quality deterioration. In this context, vehicle emissions monitoring is essential to understand the contribution to air pollution as a whole.. The development of models for air pollution assessment has been identified as an important area for future research. Air pollution due to massive use of motor vehicles in urban areas of India is one of the most serious and the fastest growing problem to solve. These motor vehicles emit significant quantities of CO2, CO, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, SPM and other toxic substances in the atmosphere which adversely affect the environmental and the health. The objective of this study is to understand the chemistry of air pollution with its precise estimation through modeling. The behavior and relation between emission and deposition of pollutants can explain with the help of air quality models. Modeling is a set of different scientific methods that are helpful to analyse the nature and behavior of pollutants in the atmosphere. On the basis of source of pollutant air quality models are classified as point, area or line source models. Various Gaussian based line source models are commonly used in India to assess the impact of vehicular pollution along the roads or highways. The CO pollutant concentration values were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and the CO values were predicted by using CALINE4 model. The possible association between CO pollutant concentration and traffic parameters like traffic flow, type of vehicle, and Roadway width was also evaluated.
Traffic congestion increases vehicle emissions and degrades ambient air quality, and recent studies have shown excess morbidity and mortality for drivers, commuters and individuals living near major roadways. Presently, our understanding of the air pollution impacts of congestion on the roads is very limited. This study demonstrates an approach to characterize the risks of traffic for on- and near-road populations. An incremental analysis, which expresses the change in health risks for small increases in traffic volume, showed non-linear effects. For a freeway, “U” shaped trends of incremental risks were predicted for on-road populations, and incremental risks are flat at low traffic volumes for near-road populations. For an arterial road, the incremental risks increased sharply for both on- and near-road populations as traffic increased. These patterns result from changes in emission factors, the NO2–NOx relationship, the travel delay for the on-road population, and the extended duration of rush hour for the near-road population. This study suggests that the health risks from congestion are potentially significant, and that additional traffic can significantly increase risks, depending on the type of road and other factors. Further, evaluations of risk associated with congestion must consider travel time, the duration of rush-hour, congestion-specific emission estimates, and uncertainties.
In order to achieve estimates of urban air quality in the near-field of urban roadways the use of air quality dispersion modeling becomes more significant. In India, CLAINE-4 has been recommended to predict CO concentration in the proximity of urban roads. Therefore, present study aims at to validate the Caline 4 model for prediction of carbon monoxide in the vicinity of urban roads. The CO monitoring and prediction using Caline-4 has been carried using real time data. Furthermore, the statistical data analysis for predicted and monitored CO has been carried out to validate the Caline 4 prediction model. The hourly concentration of monitored and predicted CO for both locations clearly shows two peaks (morning and evening) of CO during the day in all the months of the monitoring and prediction. The values of statistical parameters in terms of mean, Index of Agreement (IA), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), Pearson's correlation coefficient (COR), the Fractional Bias and the Factor-of-Two (F2) have been found to be very close to ideal model performance. The values of statistical parameters chosen for the model validation showed good correlation between monitored and predicted values of 1 hourly average CO at both locations of the road.
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2016
The study inspects the traffic-induced gaseous emission dispersion characteristics from the urban roadside sites in Delhi, India. The concentration of pollutants viz. CO, NO 2 and SO 2 along with traffic and ambient atmospheric conditions at five selected local urban road sites were simultaneously measured. A developed General Finite Line Source Model (GFLSM) was used to predict the local roadside CO, NO 2 and SO 2 concentrations. A comparison of the observed and predicted values emission parameters using GFLS model has shown that the predicted values for SO 2 , CO and NO 2 at all the selected local urban roadside locations are found to lie within the error bands of 5%, 6%, and 7% respectively. A high level of agreement was found between the monitored and estimated CO, NO 2 and SO 2 concentration data. From the study, it has also been established that the developed model exhibits the capability of reasonably predicting the characteristics of gaseous pollutants dispersion from on-road vehicles for the urban city air quality.
Assessment of air quality near traffic intersections in Bangalore city using air quality indices
Transportation Research Part D, 2007
Air quality indices are used for local and regional air quality management in many metro cities of the world. In the present study, air quality indices have been calculated using the US Environmental Protection Agency procedure to assess the status of ambient air quality near busy traffic intersections in Bangalore, India. The measured 24 h average criteria pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, respirable suspended particulate matter and suspended particulate matter for the period from 1997 to 2005 at three air quality monitoring stations are used for the development of AQIs. The result indicated that the air pollution at all the three air quality monitoring stations can be characterized as 'good' and 'moderate' for SO 2 and NO x concentrations for all days from 1997 to 2004. Analysis of air quality indices values for both forms of suspended matter concentrations during 1999–2005 indicates 91% and 94% of the times days are in category 'good' and 'moderate'. The yearly average air quality indices values of respirable suspended particulate matter and suspended particulate matter concentrations indicated decreasing trend and are coming under the category of 'good' and 'moderate' form the category of 'poor' and 'very poor'.
Air Pollution Estimation from Traffic Flows in Tehran Highways
Urban areas confront with increases in air pollution because of increasing urbanization, expanding the use of vehicles and development of economic activities. In this research carbon monoxide concentration as a pollutant analyzed and modeled within highways in Tehran. In this regards factors affecting the concentration of atmospheric pollutants analyzed on the basis of geometric, atmospheric and traffic data at five stations in Tehran and finally models runs based on existing methods. The model predictions results are match well with field data.