Phytosanitary Practices And Evaluation Of 17 Pesticides Residues In Tomatoes Fruits Produced In Foumbot District Western Highland-Cameroon (original) (raw)
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Pesticides are widely used in food production to increase food security but they can have negative health effects on consumers. Both raw and processed vegetables have been found to be contaminated with pesticide residues. Consumers can be exposure to pesticides via food consumption. In this paper, we present the investigation of 30 pesticides in total of 126 samples of different fresh vegetables from central markets in Khartoum state using the quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) multi-residue extraction, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pesticide residues were not detected in 87 samples (69%), while 39 samples (31%) contained detectable amount of pesticide residues. Only seven pesticides chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, dimethoate and profenofos were detected in the analyzed vegetable samples with concentration range between 0.011-0.528 mg/kg and mean range between 0.015-0.1683 mg/kg. Lettuce and radish don't show any pesticides residues. In summer and autumn seasons pesticides found in onion, cabbage, carrot and peppergrass but in winter season only onion and peppergrass have been contaminated with pesticides. Multiple residues were present in onion in two samples with chlorpyrifos and dimethoate. It is concluded that the continuous monitoring and strict regulation of pesticide use on food crops, especially vegetables, are necessary.
Toxics
Chemical pesticides are widely used in Cameroon for agricultural production. In 2015, more than 600 pesticide products were approved for use in various foodstuffs. Much misuse of these chemicals by farmers has been documented in rural and urban settings. This pilot study aims to contribute to the improvement of the health of the population and the environmental preservation by identifying pesticide-poisoning cases, the most incriminated products and critical risk factors of exposure. Questionnaires were administered to pesticide vendors, farmers and health personnel, and observations made on farmers' practices at their work places. From July to September 2016, 24 villages from five sites, representing the most important agricultural production areas of the five agro-ecological zones of Cameroon, were visited. In total, 519 people were interviewed: 412 farmers, 69 pesticide vendors and 38 health personnel. A total of 180 pesticide formulations out of 610 registered in 2015 were said to be used by farmers. In the 38 health centers visited, 56 cases of pesticide poisonings and intoxications were reported between 2011 and 2016. Paraquat-, glyphosate-, cypermethrin-and metalaxyl-formulated pesticides were the most incriminated. In total, 78% of poisoning cases were accidental, 12% suicide attempts, 4% criminal. Entry of pesticide products from neighboring countries needs to be better regulated, and the quality of pesticides sold on the market should be monitored periodically. Empty pesticide containers should be recuperated from smallholder farmers. Authorities should set up a harmonized pesticide-poisoning management procedure, and create a toxico-vigilance system for surveillance cases and preventive actions.
Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residues in agricultural / horticultural commodities
2013
A study on monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residues in agricultural/horticultural commodities revealed that out of 33 samples detected with pesticides, 22 samples showed presence of multiple pesticides and most of these were not having label claim/approval for use in India by CIB&RC in that specific commodity. Chlorpyriphos was the most frequently detected insecticide followed by profenophos. None of the detected pesticides in commodities monitored during the study period resulted in an in take of >50 per cent of ARfD value which indicated that their consumption does not cause acute health risk. Among the different agricultural/horticultural commodities like cardamom, cumin seed and curry leaf, the highest detected level of pesticides viz., lambda cyhalothrin and ethion in cardamom, profenophos in cumin seed and chlorpyriphos, profenophos and ethion in curry leaf exceeded 4 per cent of ADI value, which was considered as a margin indicating chronic health risk. Among...
Journal of Environmental Management, 2020
This review intends to integrate the relevant information that is related to pesticide applications in food commodities and will cover three main sections. The first section encompasses some of the guidelines that have been implemented on management of pesticide application worldwide, such as the establishment of a value called Maximum Residue Level (MRL) through the application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) into daily agricultural activities. A brief overview of the methods adopted in quantification of these trace residues in different food samples will also be covered. Briefly, pesticide analysis is usually performed in two stages: sample preparation and analytical instrumentation. Some of the preparation methods such as QuEChERs still remain as the technique of choice for most of the analytical scientists. In terms of the instrumentation such as the gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and high performance-liquid chromatography (HPLC), these are still widely used, in spite of new inventions that are more sustainable and efficient such as the capillary electrophoresis (CE). Finally, the third section emphasizes on how pesticides can affect our health significantly whereby different types of pesticides result in different adverse health implications, despite its application benefits in agriculture in controlling pests. To date, there are limited reviews on pesticide usage in many agricultural-based nations; for the purpose of this review, Malaysia is selected to better illustrate pesticide regulations and implementation of policies. Finally, the review aims to provide an insight on how implementation of GAP and food safety assurance are interrelated and with this established correlation, to identify further measures for improvement to enable reinforcement of optimised agricultural practices specifically in these countries.
Risk assessment for small farmers exposed to plant protection products in the Niger River valley
Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences, 2017
Plant protection products play a very important role in agriculture. However, their misuse can have serious negative impacts both on human health and environment. A study was carried out to identify the plant protection products used in the Niger River valley and to observe the local pesticide management practices. Ten active substances were identified as the most used chemicals by farmers. Their toxicological properties were characterized and their respective Potential Dermal Exposures (PDE) was evaluated in order to assess the risk level for the local small growers. The UK Predictive Operator Exposure Model was used to quantify the PDE during mixing/loading and application according to the local practices. The survey shows that the most common active substances are organophosphate or pyrethroids insecticides. In addition, some other prohibited and counterfeit pesticides cocktails are also used. All active substances used in Niger River valley are highly toxic. When sprayed without...
Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables produced in central and eastern Ethiopia
Frontiers in sustainable food systems, 2023
Background: In Ethiopia, pesticides are widely used in vegetable production. However, if used incorrectly they may harm consumers of vegetables contaminated with pesticide residues, as well as producers handling the pesticides and lead to ecological damage. We performed a cross-sectional survey to assess pesticide residues in vegetables produced in central and eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 232 vegetable samples (91 tomatoes, 106 cabbages and 35 Swiss chard) were collected from fields and retail markets, and were screened for 35 pesticides (16 organochlorine, 11 organophosphate, 3 pyrethroids, 2 carbamates and 3 other agrochemicals) using GC-MS analysis. Results: Pesticides residues were detected in 60% of Swiss chard, 47% of cabbage and 45% of tomato samples. Two or more pesticides were detected in 20% of cabbages, 13% of tomatoes and over half of Swiss chard samples. Bendiocarb, diazinon, endrin, piperonyl butoxide, profenofos and propargite were detected, but only diazinon, propargite and profenofos had residual values above EU Maximum Residue Level (MRL), with diazinon commonly detected at relatively high levels. About 15% of the total analyzed samples, 10% of cabbages and tomatoes, and nearly half of Swiss chard samples had pesticide concentration exceeding EU MRL. However, none of the tested samples had residues exceeding Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) MRLs. Conclusion: This study showed widespread contamination of vegetables with pesticides, mainly organophosphates. We recommend monitoring and regulation of pesticides usage, with promotion of good agricultural practices.
Assessment of pesticide residue levels in common fruits consumed in Lagos State, Nigeria
Journal of Research and Reviews in Science – JRRS, 2018
Aim: This study examined pesticide residue levels in three fresh fruit varieties commonly consumed in Lagos state, Nigeria. Study Design: The fruits (apple, watermelon and sweet orange) were collected from various sale points of fruits in three local government areas; Eti-osa (Ajah), Lagos mainland (Oyingbo) and Ifako-ijaiye (Ifako-Ijaiye). Methodology: Pesticide residue levels were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data obtained from GC-MS were statistically analysed using graph pad prism 6.0 software and compared with WHO/FAO limits. Results: No significant difference (P> 0.05) in each fruit was obtained per sampling locations. Fruits contained pesticides below WHO/FAO limit except for watermelon that had mean pesticide residue concentration for atrazine (0.088-0.133 mg/kg), clothianidin (0.00-0.029 mg/kg), omethoate (0.094-0.205 mg/kg) and oxamyloxime (0.088-0.125 mg/kg) above WHO/FAO MRLs of 0.02, 0.02, 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg for atrazine, clothianidin, omethoate and oxamyloxime respectively. Conclusion: The presence of pesticides in these fruits calls for strict regulation regarding the application of pesticides in farms and preservation chambers. This study recommends further investigation of all agricultural produce to circumvent contamination and other problems associated with pesticide accumulation and toxicity.
Sustainability
The organic food is progressively enticing purchasers’ attention, as it is recognized to be better than the food produced by the conventional agriculture and more sustainable for the natural environment. Pesticides and their metabolites can enter the human body via food and water. In the food production, over 60 thousand chemical agents are applied, while 90% of the harmful substances are consumed. The organic production is based on the qualitative and healthy food using the natural resources in an ecologically sustainable way. The European Regulations set the maximum pesticide levels (MRLs) in the organic products, which are also regulated by The United States Department of Agriculture in their National program supported by The United States Environmental Protection Agency. It is imperative to bear in mind that in the products from the organic production, the multiple detections cannot be tolerated, i.e., that one product cannot contain more than two detected pesticide residues. In...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018
To assess producers' exposure level to pesticides in vegetable production in Burkina Faso, a study was carried out in 2016 and 2017 among 30 tomato producers in the municipalities of Kouka and Toussiana. Eighteen (18) commercial formulations were identified, with more than 50% of pesticides destined for cotton production. Eleven active substances have been identified and the most frequently used are λ-cyhalothrin (35%), acetamiprid (22%) and profenofos (13%). The most commonly used chemical families are pyrethroids (28%) and organophosphates (18%). The study revealed a low level of training for producers, a high use of pesticides according to the Frequency Treatment Indicator, and a very low level of protection used by producers. The Health Risk Index shows that active substances such as methomyl, λ-cyhalothrin and profenofos present very high risk to operators' health. Based on the UK-POEM model, the predictive exposure levels obtained varied from 0.0105 mg/kg body weight/day to 1.7855 mg/kg body weight/day, which is several times higher than the Acceptable Operator Exposure Level. However, the study also shows that exposure can be greatly reduced if the required Personal Protective Equipment is worn. Producers' awareness and training on integrated pest management are necessary to reduce the risks linked to the pesticides use in Burkina Faso.
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2017
This study investigated the levels of pesticide residues in selected fruits from major markets in Dar es Salaam city. Samples of tomatoes and watermelons were analysed for eighteen organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide residues. Extraction was performed using acetone followed by dichloromethane: cyclohexane mixture and the extracts were cleanedup using florisil. The compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pesticides and metabolites were detected in 95.8% of the samples. The compounds detected included chlorpyrifos, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and cypermethrin and their highest concentrations were 3810 ± 50, 370 ± 20, 120 ± 6 and 50 ± 4 ng/g, respectively. Others were p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and α-HCH with highest concentrations varying from 1 ± 0.5 to 20 ± 1.2 ng/g. There were no significant variations in concentrations of the pesticide residues between the fruits and among the sampling sites, indicating similarities in contamination patterns. The concentrations of the contaminants were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 41.7% to 50% of the tomatoes and watermelons indicating risks and concerns for public health. The Tanzanian agrochemicals and food regulatory agencies (e.g. TPRI, TFDA and TBS) and the government in general should ensure strict applications of laws that regulate pesticides in the country and develop effective educational programmes for farmers to apply good agricultural practices such as reducing the use of pesticides, applying appropriate pesticides and doses, and restrict the spray before harvesting. The consumers should thoroughly wash or process the fruits to reduce the levels. © JASEM