Predictors of Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic Open Journal of Depression and Anxiety Stress, Anxiety and Depression among Pregnant Women during the first wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel (original) (raw)
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The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Depression, Anxiety and Stress Levels of Pregnant Women
Bagcilar Medical Bulletin, 2021
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively affected the psychology of the society. In this study, it was aimed to determine the stress, anxiety and depression levels in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate the delivery method attitudes using various scales. Method: The study included 151 pregnant women admitted to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of our tertiary hospital for follow-up. A 31-question questionnaire containing demographic information and questions about COVID-19, impact of event scale (IES-R), depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21) and revised pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised (PRAQ-R) scales were applied. Results: According to the classifications made in DASS-21 subgroups, 16.5% of the pregnant women had severe or extreme depression, 35.1% had severe or extreme anxiety, 11.2% had severe or extreme stress level. The mean IES-R and PRAQ-R scores were found to be significantly higher in those under 35 years of age than those aged 35 years and over (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively). PRAQ-R (p<0.001), DASS-21 total (p=0.019), DASS-21 anxiety (p=0.012) and DASS-21 stress (p=0.014) scores were significantly higher in those who had their first pregnancy compared to experienced pregnant women. Conclusion: In the present study, it was determined that the pandemic had a negative effect on the depression, anxiety and stress levels of pregnant women, and this effect was higher especially in younger pregnant women and in those experiencing their first pregnancy.
Open Journal of Depression and Anxiety
Background: The new COVID-19 pandemic resulted in tremendous challenges to mankind in health, emotions and economy. A specifically vulnerable group are pregnant and postpartum women. We conducted a study that aimed to shed light on the effects of this pandemic on emotional state of pregnant and postpartum women. Objective and Study Design: A cross-sectional study in northern Israel based on web questionnaire for the assessment of general stress, anxiety and depression during the quarantine period of COVID-19 pandemics from April 20 until May 7, 2020. Participants were pregnant women and women up to a year after childbirth. Overall, 356 women of whom 251 pregnant and 101 post-partum filled the questionnaire. Results: Among 251 pregnant women, 199 (79.3 %) reported moderate-high stress, 145 (57.8 %) high anxiety. A hundred and three (41.0%) reported high level of depression (PH2>3). Among pregnant women, the following were the most prevalent stressors: fear that someone in their fa...
Stress and Anxiety Levels in Pregnant and Post-Partum Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The aim of this study was to analyze stress and anxiety levels experienced by pregnant and post-partum women during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to indicate the social and medical factors that could contribute to stress and anxiety. A total of 210 patients were enrolled in the study. Two well-established test-tools were applied: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). The study revealed that the levels of stress and anxiety experienced by the surveyed patients were moderate to high. We demonstrated that women with mental treatment history, those in the first trimester of pregnancy and the ones that are single or in an informal relationship tend to experience higher levels of psychological distress and anxiety. Such factors as age, education, parity, eventful obstetric history, comorbidities, and the number of hospital stays proved to be statistically insignificant in the analysis. Our findings could be used to identify patients at greater risk ...
2021
BackgroundThe onset of mental illness such as depression and anxiety disorders in pregnancy and postpartum period is common. The coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the resulting public policy responses represent an exceptional situation worldwide and there are hints for adverse psychosocial impact, hence, the study of psychological effects of the pandemic in women during hospitalization for delivery and in the postpartum period is highly relevant. MethodsPatients who gave birth during the first wave of the Corona pandemic in Germany (March to June 2020) at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Würzburg, Germany, were recruited at hospital admission for delivery. Biosamples were collected for analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and various stress hormones and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition to sociodemographic and medical obstetric data, survey questionnaires in relation to concerns about and fear of COVID-19, depression, stress, anxiety, lon...
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress and Anxiety of Non-infected Pregnant Mothers
Journal of Reproduction & Infertility
Background: The newly emerging COVID-19 has caused severe anxiety around the world and it is infecting more people each day since there is no preventive measure or definite therapy for the diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate its effect on anxiety and stress of pregnant mothers during perinatal care. Methods: Three–hundred pregnant mothers without COVID–19 infection who were referred to the hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences for delivery during April 2020, based on negative clinical symptoms and the results of polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) for COVID–19, were recruited by census method and asked to complete the Persian version of the perceived stress scale (PSS); participants views about their anxiety level and the role of COVID–19 as the source of their stress and worries were recorded. Women who refused to continue the study were excluded. The frequency of variables and mean scores were calculated using SPSS v. 21. Results: Mean age of mothers...
Erciyes Medical Journal, 2022
Objective: This study aims to determine the depression, anxiety and stress in pregnant women during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials and Methods: The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 203 pregnant women reached over online between May 15 and June 1, 2020. To collect data in the study, the 'Personal Information Form', 'COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Information Form' and 'Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21)' were used. Results: In our study, it was determined that 81.7% of the pregnant women experienced anxiety, 56.1% depression and 24.1% stress, according to the median values obtained from DASS-21. The median values of anxiety and stress of unemployed women were higher than those of working women and the difference between them was statistically significant (p=0.011; p=0.023). The differences between social media use (p=0.044; p=0.048; p=0.015), thinking that they are positive for COVID-19 (p=0.009; p=0.014; p=0.001), thoughts about the end of the COVID-19 pandemic (p=0.001; p=0.001; p=0.001), worrying about their own health and the fetus (p=0.001; p=0.001; p=0.001), and experiencing abnormal physical symptoms (p=0.001; p=0.001; p=0.001) had statistically significant effects on the anxiety, depression and stress subscale median values of pregnant women. Conclusion: Pregnant women were found to experience depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is considered that knowing the negative psychosocial reactions experienced by pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic and taking protective measures will contribute to improving the health outcomes of the mother and the fetus.
Psycho-emotional consequences in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic
Folia Medica, 2022
Fear of COVID-19, especially in vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, created excessive concern leading to unexpected psycho-emotional consequences and a need to summarize the most recent knowledge about this topic. Therefore, we conducted a narrative review of the relevant literature, synthesizing data from available databases. According to the findings of this review, pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic were more anxious and depressed mainly due to the fear of contacting the virus, restricting measures, and concerns about the health of their unborn children. The elevated stress levels in pregnant women due to the pandemic could represent risk factors for physical health complications. Thus, strategies including relaxation, mindfulness, acceptance, and positive attitude to COVID-19 should be promoted for pregnant women.
Stress and Anxiety in the Maternal During the COVID-19 PandemiC
2021
Background & Aim: Decreased immunity in pregnant and birthing women makes this population vulnerable,both physiologically and psychologically. The global pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome caused bycoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), which is the new virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),increases the risk of psychological distress including stress and anxiety that can impact pregnancy and/orchildbirth disorders. The research objective was to determine the conditions of stress and anxiety in thematernal during the COVID-19 pandemicMethods & Materials: This study used a descriptive survey method on a sample of pregnant women andwomen giving birth by purposive sampling, namely those who visited the Independent Practice Midwife(BPM) clinic in Bekasi City from April to July 2020 totaling 58 people. Data were collected using theDASS-21 questionnaire which was packaged in a google form and distributed online via the social mediaWhatsApp (WA). The data collected was then analyze...
Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic
Medicine, 2020
Introduction: The article presents a protocol of a cross-sectional study of mental health of pregnant women in relation to the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The primary aim is to compare differences in anxiety and depression scores of pregnant women between countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary aim is to assess demographic, economic, and social aspects affecting maternal anxiety and depression scores among pregnant women worldwide in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we will be able to compare differences in perception of the different aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic (social distancing, restrictions related to delivery) between countries and according to the epidemic status (number of infected patients, number of reported deaths). The comparisons will also be done according to the COVID-19 status of the participants. Methods and analysis: It is a web-based anonymous survey of pregnant women living in countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey is comprised of 3 sections: 1) Questions related to general demography, pregnancy health history, mental health history, socioeconomic factors, as well as perception of fear, burden and restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire for anxiety assessment and; 3) Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression assessment. Web-based recruitment for health research has proven to be cost-effective and efficient. At current times with the COVID-19 pandemic, limited resources and social distancing restrictions, performing a mental health study involving pregnant women on a large international scale cannot be safely conducted without involving social-media. The fears of pregnant women fall into 3 categories: the medical condition, the economic status and the organization of daily activity. The study has received approval of the medical ethics committee and has been registered on Clinicaltrials.gov. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and made public through all available media.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Anxiety and Depression Levels in Pregnant Women
Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 2022
Objective: Our objectives in this study are to understand the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health during pregnancy and to determine the levels of depression, stress, and anxiety, to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of pregnant women about COVID-19 infection during the pandemic period, to be able to provide evidence-based data to all authorities involved in the prevention of depression and anxiety caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our secondary objective is to determine pregnant women's risk and protective factors regarding the levels of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaires were applied to pregnant women to assess depression and anxiety. The same questionnaire was previously applied to pregnant participants for another study before the pandemic. In addition, the same questionnaire was applied to the pregnant participants during the pandemic process. The questionnaire was applied face-to-face to pregnant women admitted to the hospital, while those who could not come to the hospital were given a link to the electronic version of the questionnaire. Results: A total of 1,527 participants were included in the study. Participants were divided into two groups as pre-pandemic and pandemic-period. Demographic data were similar, while BMI values were significantly higher in the pandemic group (p:0.002). Gravida values were also significantly higher in the pre-pandemic group. The BAI and BDI scores of the group in the pandemic were 21.50±12.15 and 23.61±11.03, respectively, and the BAI and BDI scores of the pre-pandemic group were 12.70±11.78 and 12.33±9.39, respectively. The BAI and BDI scores were significantly higher in the pandemic-period group than in the pre-pandemic group. Conclusion: BDI and BAI scores increased in pregnant women during the pandemic. It is possible to improve the psychological conditions of pregnant women and prevent complications by recognizing the psychological conditions of pregnant women, provide information and emotional support, and provide other psychological interventions to help them recover.