Stress and Anxiety Levels in Pregnant and Post-Partum Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic (original) (raw)
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Determination of Anxiety Levels in Pregnant Women During Covid-19 Pandemic
Authorea (Authorea), 2020
Objective: To examine the anxiety caused by COVID-19 pandemic and antenatal care quality of pregnant women during the isolation times. Study Design: Single center cross-sectional study. Setting: Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital. Istanbul, Turkey Population: We studied 174 pregnant, and 117 non-pregnant patients between 05 May (after the start of restrictions) and 31 May (the date restrictions eased) during the covid 19 outbreak. Methods: The data was obtained from both qualitative and quantitative methods using the State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and life style change questionnaire. Main outcomes and measures: We assesed anxiety levels, behavioral changes and antenatal care quality of pregnant women during Covid-19 pandemic. Results: Pregnant women had higher anxiety STAI state (STAI-S) scores than the nonpregnant women (43,67±10,77 vs. 39,71±9,55, p=0,01). The STAI trait (STAI-T) anxiety scores were similar between the two groups (43,57±8,07vs43,07±9,41, p=0,74). In pregnant women under age 20, STAI-S score was lower (35,86±2,13, p=0,031). 60 of pregnant women were in first trimester, 53 were in second and 61 were in third trimester. STAI-S and STAI-T scores were not statistically different between trimester groups. Cancelling appointments of prenatal care and the fear of going to hospital is obviously high in third trimester (46,9%, p=<0,001; 41,5%, p=0,002). Conclusion: In pregnant women, fear and anxiety felt even more due to quarantine period for covid 19. Evaluation and disseminated use of online health services may be helpfull in patient information and empowerment for situations such as pandemic and isolation times.
Perceived Anxiety and Stress among Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic- A Cross-sectional Study
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2022
Introduction: Mental health and well-being is as important as physical health during pregnancy. But the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused more anxiety and stress among pregnant women. The augmented levels of anxiety and stress may have detrimental effects on antenatal women. Anxiety and depression in pregnancy can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes like increased risk of abortions, preterm labour and even foetal deaths. Aim: To assess the anxiety and stress levels among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 348 pregnant women attending a tertiary care teaching hospital in Thiruvananthapuram District in Kerala during the period October and November 2020 using a validated tool, Pandemic Anxiety Stress Scale for pregnant women. Higher scores indicating higher perceived anxiety stress with...
Anxiety Levels of Pregnant Women During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Advances in health sciences research, 2023
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about mental changes for every human being, including pregnant women worldwide. Anxiety will impact the mother and the growth and development of the fetus she is carrying. This study aimed to identify pregnant women's anxiety levels and the risk factors that can cause anxiety in pregnant women during the covid-19 pandemic. Methods. This study uses a quantitative approach. Settings. The location of this research is Jakarta, with a population of all pregnant women in the area. The sample of this study was pregnant women who made antenatal care visits at the independent midwife practice, with a large sample of 223 people. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling (accidental sampling) Designs. This study used a crosssectional study design. Results. This study's results indicate that most mothers experience mild anxiety, 38.6% of pregnant women who experience severe anxiety 17.5%, pregnant women who experience severe anxiety 9% and those who experience very severe anxiety or panic, 3.6% Conclusions. Many factors cause anxiety in pregnant women during the transition to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as maternal characteristics (age, education, and occupation) and obstetric characteristics (gestational age, gravida, and parity).
Pregnancy-related anxiety during COVID-19: a nationwide survey of 2740 pregnant women
Archives of Women's Mental Health
The aim of this study is to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women's anxiety and identify factors most strongly associated with greater changes in anxiety. An anonymous, online, survey of pregnant women (distributed April 3-24, 2020) included a modified pregnancy-related anxiety scale (PRAS) reflecting respondents' perception of pregnancy anxiety before COVID-19 and a current assessment of pregnancy-related anxiety. The difference between these scores was used as the outcome variable. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Two thousand seven hundred forty pregnant women from 47 states completed the survey. 25.8% (N = 706) stopped in-person visits, 15.2% used video visits (N = 415), and 31.8% (N = 817) used phone visits for prenatal care as a result of COVID-19. Those planning a hospital birth dropped from 2641 (96.4%) to 2400 (87.7%) following COVID-19. More than half of women reported increased stress about food running out (59.2%, N = 1622), losing a job or household income (63.7%, N = 1745), or loss of childcare (56.3%, N = 1543). More than a third reported increasing stress about conflict between household members (37.5%, N = 1028), and 93% (N = 2556) reported increased stress about getting infected with COVID-19. Slightly less than half of respondents (either selves or family members) were healthcare workers (41.4%, N = 1133) or worked in essential services (45.5%, N = 1246). In multivariate analysis, those reporting higher agreement with COVID-19-related stressors had greater changes in pre-to post-COVID-19 pregnancy-related anxiety. The COVID-19 pandemic is profoundly affecting pregnant women's mental health, and factors independent of pregnancy appear to be driving changes in pregnancy-specific anxiety.
Open Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 2021
Background: The new COVID-19 pandemic resulted in tremendous challenges to mankind in health, emotions and economy. A specifically vulnerable group are pregnant and postpartum women. We conducted a study that aimed to shed light on the effects of this pandemic on emotional state of pregnant and postpartum women. Objective and Study Design: A cross-sectional study in northern Israel based on web questionnaire for the assessment of general stress, anxiety and depression during the quarantine period of COVID-19 pandemics from April 20 until May 7, 2020. Participants were pregnant women and women up to a year after childbirth. Overall, 356 women of whom 251 pregnant and 101 post-partum filled the questionnaire. Results: Among 251 pregnant women, 199 (79.3 %) reported moderate-high stress, 145 (57.8 %) high anxiety. A hundred and three (41.0%) reported high level of depression (PH2>3). Among pregnant women, the following were the most prevalent stressors: fear that someone in their family will acquire the virus (80.1%), concern for the health of the baby (77.7%), fear that someone close will die from COVID-19 (72.9%) and worry of being infected within the hospital (71.7%). A univariate analysis of stress revealed that age (χ 2 =10.93, p<0.004) and income level (χ 2 =13.35, p<0.001) were associated with the level of stress. Stepwise logistic regression revealed that both age and income level below the mean were predictors of stress. Among the 165 multiparous pregnant women, age (25-34 vs. 35-44) was a predictor of stress (p<0.04). Conclusion: Our study clearly showed an enormous negative effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on emotional condition including stress, anxiety and depression on both pregnant and postpartum women. This provides an insight on the relation between economy and emotional state during uncertainty period. This effect adds a huge challenge to healthcare system and social support providers as well as the governments in providing means and solutions during pandemics and worldwide disaster.
Self perceived health and stress in the pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic
Frontiers in Psychiatry
IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has had numerous maternal and neonatal consequences, especially at the mental level. Pregnant women experience a rise in anxiety symptoms and prenatal stress.AimsThe aim was to describe self-perceived health status, general stress and prenatal stress and to analyze relations and associations with sociodemographic factors.MethodsA quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probabilistic circumstantial sampling. The sample was recruited during the first trimester of pregnancy during the control obstetrical visit. The Google Forms platform was used. A total of 297 women participated in the study. The Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PDQ), the Perceived Stress Score (PSS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used.ResultsPrimiparas presented higher levels of worry about childbirth and the baby (10.93 ± 4.73) than multiparous women (9.88 ± 3.96). Somatic symptoms were present in 6% of the women. Anxiety-insom...
Postpartum Anxiety and Stress during the Covid-19 Pandemic
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research
This study aims to obtain information about the anxiety and stress of postpartum mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a descriptive survey method on a sample of pregnant women and women giving birth by purposive sampling, namely those who visited the Independent Practice Midwife (BPM) clinic in Bekasi City from April to July 2020, totaling 78 people. Data were collected using the DASS-21 questionnaire which was packaged in a google form and distributed online via WhatsApp social media. The data collected was then analyzed descriptively to be presented as a result of the research. The results showed that the psychological response to anxiety was normal 50 (64.10%), mild 14 (17.95%), moderate 11 (14.10%), severe 2 (2.56%), and very heavy 1 (1.28 %) of respondents. While the psychological response to normal stress was 59 (75.64%), mild 11 (14.10%), moderate 6 (7.69%), and severe 2 (2.56%) experienced psychologically normal but some experienced anxiety and stress. Most ...
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress and Anxiety of Non-infected Pregnant Mothers
Journal of Reproduction & Infertility
Background: The newly emerging COVID-19 has caused severe anxiety around the world and it is infecting more people each day since there is no preventive measure or definite therapy for the diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate its effect on anxiety and stress of pregnant mothers during perinatal care. Methods: Three–hundred pregnant mothers without COVID–19 infection who were referred to the hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences for delivery during April 2020, based on negative clinical symptoms and the results of polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) for COVID–19, were recruited by census method and asked to complete the Persian version of the perceived stress scale (PSS); participants views about their anxiety level and the role of COVID–19 as the source of their stress and worries were recorded. Women who refused to continue the study were excluded. The frequency of variables and mean scores were calculated using SPSS v. 21. Results: Mean age of mothers...
Psychiatria Danubina, 2022
Background: This study intends to address the COVID-19 pandemic process with specific regard to pregnant women, aiming to determine their state-trait anxiety levels. Subjects and methods: The study has a quantitative design. Ethical permissions were obtained, data were collected digitally, and power analysis was performed for sample size. The sample size was calculated as 656 pregnant women. In the collection of the data, the Personal Information Form, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used. Results: In our study, the majority of pregnant women (86.3%) were concerned about the pandemic process, with more than half thinking that their pregnancy (62.9%) and delivery processes would be affected (66.2%). In the meantime, 60.2% of the pregnant women postponed their health checks and they indicated being most concerned about their babies (57.1%). In 51.2% of the pregnant women, the state anxiety levels were low, and 89.8% of the trait anxiety levels were moderate. Conclusions: In crisis periods like the pandemic, pregnant women are among the priority groups. Screening, prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of affective disorders in the prenatal period are important for maternal and fetal health.
Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic
Medicine, 2020
Introduction: The article presents a protocol of a cross-sectional study of mental health of pregnant women in relation to the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The primary aim is to compare differences in anxiety and depression scores of pregnant women between countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary aim is to assess demographic, economic, and social aspects affecting maternal anxiety and depression scores among pregnant women worldwide in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we will be able to compare differences in perception of the different aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic (social distancing, restrictions related to delivery) between countries and according to the epidemic status (number of infected patients, number of reported deaths). The comparisons will also be done according to the COVID-19 status of the participants. Methods and analysis: It is a web-based anonymous survey of pregnant women living in countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey is comprised of 3 sections: 1) Questions related to general demography, pregnancy health history, mental health history, socioeconomic factors, as well as perception of fear, burden and restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire for anxiety assessment and; 3) Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression assessment. Web-based recruitment for health research has proven to be cost-effective and efficient. At current times with the COVID-19 pandemic, limited resources and social distancing restrictions, performing a mental health study involving pregnant women on a large international scale cannot be safely conducted without involving social-media. The fears of pregnant women fall into 3 categories: the medical condition, the economic status and the organization of daily activity. The study has received approval of the medical ethics committee and has been registered on Clinicaltrials.gov. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and made public through all available media.