Survey of Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Models in Indoor Environments (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 2024
Due to the recent surge in the proliferation of smart wireless devices that feature higher data speeds, there has been a rise in demand for faster indoor data communication services. Moreover, there is a sharp increase in the amount of mobile data being generated worldwide, and much of this data comes from residential wireless applications like high-definition TV, device-to-device communication, and high data rate indoor networks (i.e., local and cellular). These technologies need large capacity, high data rate indoor wireless networks with huge bandwidth. Consequently, a greater interest exists in implementing an effective and trustworthy indoor propagation model for next-generation wireless systems operating in the massively bandwidth-rich millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency range. The analysis of mm-wave propagation characteristics in an indoor environment using the ray tracing approach is proposed in this paper. Propagation modeling for 60 GHz bands is included. The aspects of wideband propagation characteristics such as angular spread, path loss, delay spread, and power delay profile are modeled in this paper. The position of transceivers, antenna effect, and attenuation, in the hallways, and stairwells will all be considered while determining the propagation parameters. This includes wave propagation characteristics like absorption, reflection, and diffraction by building structures and furniture. The specifications for propagation characteristics are included in the article for developing indoor local and cellular networks. In this paper, the IRT model has been tested at 60 GHz for potential mobile communication and is identified as the best method for predicting signal attenuation caused by objects, barriers, or humans within buildings in internal millimeter wave transmission.
Investigation of millimeter-wave indoor propagation at different frequencies
The characteristics of millimeter-wave (mmWave) multipath propagation based on the parameters of path loss, delay spread and received power has been presented in this paper. The performance of different mmWave bands at 28, 39, 60 and 73 GHz for indoor communication has been included in this investigation and for both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) scenarios. The effects of different building materials, frequency sensitivity materials and multi-floor indoor communications were the main considerations in this work. Such consideration has been carried out based on the calculation of each material parameters represented by relative permittivity and conductivity which obtained via software designed and clarified in this work. The results obtained from Wireless InSite software indicates that there is an inverse relationship between the separation distance and both the delay spread and received power. In contrast, path loss increase with increasing the separation distance due to many reasons related to antennas directionality and properties. Furthermore, Results obtained from multi-floor mmWave communication indicate that by using lower frequencies of 28 and 39 GHz, multi-floor effects on the investigated parameters have reduced the received power and increased the path losses to approximately its double values. Resulting in a valuable consideration for performing such deployment. While for 60 and 73 GHz, it shows ineffectiveness to be utilized for such communication.
Comparative study of millimeter wave propagation at 30 GHz and 60 GHz in indoor environment
International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 1995
The millimeter wave band appears to be a favourable choice for personal wireless communication systems for indoor environment, as it meets the requirements for sufficient bandwidth, small terminal dimensions and sporadic usage for commercial applications. In this paper measurements of millimeter wave propagation in both 30 GHz and 60 GHz bands, are presented in a comparative way. The topology of measurements covers both a line-of-sight situation and also a case where a direct path between transmitter and receiver does not exist. Although the second case does not seem obvious for outdoor applications in these frequencies, in indoor environment the multipath signals produced by objects like walls, doors, furniture etc., can be utilised in order to overcome the man-made shadowing. Both slow and fast fading characteristics of the received signal are studied and the measurements are modelled by the conventional Rician and Rayleigh distributions. Both frequency bands offer advantages for 1845 0195-927t/95/1000-184557.50 © 1995 Plenum Publishing Corporation 1846 Polydorou a aL usage in in-house wireless communication systems. Although in 30 GHz band the coverage area is bigger than in 60 GHz (with the same transmitting power), frequency reuse is easier in 60 GHz band. because even if millimeter waves 'escape' through 'windows', the specific attenuation due to atmospheric oxygen (15 dB/km) at 60 GHz eliminates the interference between communication channels in neighbouring buildings.
Electronics
In this paper, a path loss characterization at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies is performed in a typical indoor office environment. Path loss results were derived from propagation channel measurements collected in the 25–40 GHz frequency band, in both line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-LOS (OLOS) propagation conditions. The channel measurements were performed using a frequency-domain channel sounder, which integrates an amplified radio over fiber (RoF) link to avoid the high losses at mmWave. The path loss was analyzed in the 26 GHz, 28 GHz, 33 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands through the close-in free space reference distance (CI) and the floating-intercept (FI) models. These models take into account the distance dependence of the path loss for a single frequency. Nevertheless, to jointly study the distance and frequency dependence of the path loss, multi-frequency models were considered. The parameters of the ABG (A-alpha, B-beta and G-gamma) and the close-in free space referen...
Measurement, 2018
To meet 5G requirements, industries are looking forward to a new set of frequency allocation in the millimeter spectrum space, where there is huge amount of bandwidth for wireless gigabit communications. In this paper, the statistics of large-scale path loss and time dispersion parameters are investigated based on ultra-wideband measurements using a steerable directional horn antenna at transmitter (Tx) and omni-directional antenna at the receiver (Rx). The measurement was conducted in a dining room line-of-sight (LOS) scenario, which represents a typical closed-plan for in-building communication. The singlefrequency, multi-frequency directional and omni-directional large-scale path loss models are evaluated at 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands based on data acquired from unique Tx and Rx antennas with combination pointing angles. The results show that the large-scale path loss models for indoor propagation developed in this paper is less complex, and yet more physically-based than those used in the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) systems, which involve additional model parameters but yield less accurate results. The time dispersion statistics for mmWave systems using directional antennas and omni-omni antennas configuration at both Tx and Rx are presented for co-polarization scenarios. We show that the multipath root mean square delay spread can be reduced when Tx and Rx antenna are pointed to each other, which results in the strongest received power.
Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements at 60 GHz in Indoor Environments
2019 International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS), 2019
This paper presents the results obtained from 60 GHz propagation measurement campaigns in indoor environments. These measurements are performed in the frequency domain and are based on the use of a vector network analyzer (VNA). The analysis of the results makes it possible to characterize the propagation channel. In first measurement campaign, we show the influence of different types of antennas on the path loss characteristics in a hallway, while in the second campaign results highlight the effect of the type of antenna of the access point (AP) and its position on the angular impulse response of the channel inside a meeting room. All of these results are intended to lead to rules for the deployment of wireless high-speed local and personal area networks (WLANs/WPANs).
IEEE Access, 2015
This report provides the world's first comprehensive study of indoor channels at 28 GHz and 73 GHz using different antenna polarizations and combined polarizations to generate large-scale path loss models and time delay spreads for the development of 5G standards at 28 GHz and 73 GHz. Directional and omnidirectional path loss models and directional multipath RMS delay spread values are presented, yielding insight into mmWave indoor office propagation characteristics. The results show that novel large-scale path loss models provided here are simpler and more physically-based compared to previous 3GPP and ITU indoor propagation models that require more model parameters, yet offer very little additional accuracy and lack physical basis. The closed-form expressions that optimize existing and newly proposed largescale path loss models are given in Appendix A, the raw omnidirectional data used to create the large-scale path loss models in this report are tabulated in Appendix B, and standard deviations of each large-scale path loss model are tabulated for side-by-side comparison in Appendix C. The technical report describes the extensive ultra-wideband millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurement campaign conducted at 28 GHz and 73 GHz by the NYU WIRELESS research team during the summer of 2014. The measurements were sponsored by the NYU WIRELESS Industrial Affiliates Program and the National Science Foundation. Measurements were performed using two similar 400 Mega-chips-per-second sliding correlator channel sounder systems with mechanically-steerable, highly-directional 15 dBi (at 28 GHz) and 20 dBi (at 73 GHz) horn antennas at both the transmitter and receiver, with the transmitter antennas always vertically polarized and the receiver antennas vertically and horizontally polarized to measure co-and cross-polarized channel characteristics. The indoor measurements were conducted in a typical office environment on the 9th floor of 2 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY. Transmit antennas were set at a height of 2.5 meters near the ceiling (typical indoor wireless access point heights), and receiver antennas were placed at heights of 1.5 meters (typical handset heights), to emulate a typical WLAN environment. Five transmitter (TX) locations and 33 receiver (RX) locations were chosen and a total of 48 TX-RX location combinations were measured (identical locations at both frequencies) in a typical office environment to investigate the complex indoor propagation channel. The measurement environment was a closed-plan in-building scenario that included line-of-sight and non-lineof-sight corridor, hallway, cubicle-farm, and adjacent-room communication links. A corridor environment is when a propagating signal travels down a corridor to reach the receiver by a line-of-sight path, reflections, and/or diffraction, but not penetration. An cubicle-farm environment includes a large layout and a central TX location, where the propagating signal reaches the receiver by a line-of-sight path, reflections, and/or diffraction, but not penetration. A closed-plan environment is when a propagating signal penetrates an obstruction to reach the receiver in addition to potential reflections, and/or diffraction. All measurement environment scenarios are included as part of the closed-plan environment, and the models in this report are for closed-plan and thus include all locations measured (both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight). Power delay profiles were acquired at unique antenna pointing angles for each TX-RX location combination for distances that ranged from 3.9 m to 45.9 m for both frequencies, with-6.5 dBm to 24 dBm of transmit power at 28 GHz and-7.9 dBm to 12.3 dBm of transmit power at 73 GHz. Six angle of arrival (AOA) antenna sweeps and two angle of departure (AOD) antenna sweeps were conducted in the azimuth plane at fixed elevation planes for each TX and RX location combination using highly-directional and steerable horn antennas for verticalto-vertical (V-V) antenna polarizations. Six identical AOA and two identical AOD antenna
IEEE Access, 2015
Ultra-wideband millimeter-wave (mmWave) propagation measurements were conducted in the 28-and 73-GHz frequency bands in a typical indoor office environment in downtown Brooklyn, New York, on the campus of New York University. The measurements provide large-scale path loss and temporal statistics that will be useful for ultra-dense indoor wireless networks for future mmWave bands. This paper presents the details of measurements that employed a 400 Megachips-per-second broadband sliding correlator channel sounder, using rotatable highly directional horn antennas for both co-polarized and crosspolarized antenna configurations. The measurement environment was a closed-plan in-building scenario that included a line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight corridor, a hallway, a cubicle farm, and adjacent-room communication links. Well-known and new single-frequency and multi-frequency directional and omnidirectional large-scale path loss models are presented and evaluated based on more than 14 000 directional power delay profiles acquired from unique transmitter and receiver antenna pointing angle combinations. Omnidirectional path loss models, synthesized from the directional measurements, are provided for the case of arbitrary polarization coupling, as well as for the specific cases of co-polarized and cross-polarized antenna orientations. The results show that novel large-scale path loss models provided here are simpler and more physically based compared to previous 3GPP and ITU indoor propagation models that require more model parameters and offer very little additional accuracy and lack a physical basis. Multipath time dispersion statistics for mmWave systems using directional antennas are presented for co-polarization, crosspolarization, and combined-polarization scenarios, and show that the multipath root mean square delay spread can be reduced when using transmitter and receiver antenna pointing angles that result in the strongest received power. Raw omnidirectional path loss data and closed-form optimization formulas for all path loss models are given in the Appendices.
60 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation path loss models for modified indoor environments
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2024
The 60 GHz band has been selected for short-range communication systems to meet consumers' needs for high data rates. However, this frequency is attenuated by obstacles. This study addresses the limitations of the 60 GHz band by modifying indoor environments with square loop (SL) frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) wallpaper, thereby increasing its utilization. The SL FSS wallpaper response at a 61.5 GHz frequency has been analyzed using both MATLAB and CST Studio Suite software. 'Wireless InSite' is also used to demonstrate enhanced wave propagation in a building modified with SL FSSs wallpaper. The demonstration is applied to multiple input multiple output system to verify the effectiveness of FSSs on such systems' capacity, as well as the effect of the human body on capacity. Simulation results presented here show that modifying a building using SL FSS wallpaper is an attractive scheme for significantly improving the indoor 60 GHz wireless communications band. This paper also presents and compares two large-scale indoor propagation path loss models, the close-in (CI) free space reference distance model and the floating intercept (FI) model. Data obtained from 'Wireless InSite' over distances ranging from 4 to 14.31 m is analyzed. Results show that the CI model provides good estimation and exhibits stable behavior over frequencies and distances, with a solid physical basis and less computational complexity when compared to the FI model.
28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurements and path loss models
2015 IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW), 2015
This paper presents 28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeterwave propagation measurements performed in a typical office environment using a 400 Megachip-per-second broadband sliding correlator channel sounder and highly directional steerable 15 dBi (30 • beamwidth) and 20 dBi (15 • beamwidth) horn antennas. Power delay profiles were acquired for 48 transmitter-receiver location combinations over distances ranging from 3.9 m to 45.9 m with maximum transmit powers of 24 dBm and 12.3 dBm at 28 GHz and 73 GHz, respectively. Directional and omnidirectional path loss models and RMS delay spread statistics are presented for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight environments for both co-and cross-polarized antenna configurations. The LOS omnidirectional path loss exponents were 1.1 and 1.3 at 28 GHz and 73 GHz, and 2.7 and 3.2 in NLOS at 28 GHz and 73 GHz, respectively, for vertically-polarized antennas. The mean directional RMS delay spreads were 18.4 ns and 13.3 ns, with maximum values of 193 ns and 288 ns at 28 GHz and 73 GHz, respectively.