Assessment of groundwater quality in parts of the basement complex terrain of southwestern Nigeria (original) (raw)
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Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in Lokoja, North-Central Nigeria
Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2021
In the face of inadequate public pipe borne water supply in Lokoja (North-Central Nigeria) and its environs, groundwater through hand dug wells has become a reliable source of water for many households. However, due to poor sitting, shallow depth of wells and poor sanitation practices, there is high risk of contamination that warrants groundwater monitoring and assessment. Hence, this study focuses on hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater in Lokoja to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The study involved in-situ measurements of physical parameters (temperature, pH, EC and TDS) at each sampling location using potable meter. Subsequently, 65 groundwater samples were collected in pre-cleaned polyethylene bottles and transported to the laboratory where cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + and K +) were analyzed using ICP-MS and ICP-OES, anions (Cl − , NO 3 − and HCO 3 −) employing colorimetry method and turbimetry method for SO 4 2−. In-situ measurements revealed that the temperature range from 25.3 to 33.7 °C (av. 30.2 °C) while pH is from 5.5 to 8.5 (av. 7.4) mostly indicating neutral and slightly acidic to alkaline water in some locations. EC and TDS vary from 30 to 860 µS/cm (av. 470.6 µS/cm) and 31-962 mg/L (av. 379.8 mg/L), respectively, an indication of low mineralized water with limited migration history. Major cations concentrations were in the order of Na + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ > K + with average values of 49.91, 37.69, 14.12 and 12.92 mg/L, respectively, while that of the major anions were HCO 3 − > Cl − > SO 4 2− > NO 3 − with av. values of 87.03, 41.59, 22.99 and 17.44 mg/L, respectively. The Water Quality Index (WQI) estimate showed that 56.9% of the samples fell in excellent (WQI = 0-25), 35.4% in good (26-50) and 7.7% in poor (51-70) water class. Evaluations based on sodium percentage (%Na) indicated that the water fell mostly within 'good' and 'permissible' categories, and Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) suggested mostly 'medium' category. Hydrochemical characterization revealed three dominant water types, which were Ca 2+-(Mg 2+)-HCO 3 − , Ca 2+-(Mg 2+)-Cl −-SO 4 2− and Na +-(K +)-Cl −-SO 4 2− and are generally controlled by precipitation, weathering and dissolution of bedrocks. Conclusively, the groundwater in the study area is of potable quality and generally suitable for irrigation purposes due to low to moderate mineralisation and little influence of anthropogenic contamination.
Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater quality: a case study from parts of North-Central, Nigeria
Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2021
The Tista is a Trans-Himalayan river that flows through Sikkim and West Bengal states of India and Rangpur division of Bangladesh and finally falls into the Brahmaputra River. The presence of numerous abandoned channels with various degrees of aggradations indicates large migrations of the Tista River. The pH value of groundwater varies from 6.20 to 7.40 which indicate the slightly alkaline to acidic nature of the studied aquifers. The mean abundance of major cations is Na + > Ca +2 > Mg +2 > K + , whereas the major anions is HCO 3 − > Cl − > SO 4 −2. Among the cations, Na + is the dominant and K + is the lowest constituents, whereas HCO 3 − is most abundant and SO 4 −2 is the minor constituents in anions. The hydrochemical facies of groundwater show that sodium, sodium-magnesium, sodium-calcium, sodium-magnesium-calcium and sodium-calcium-magnesium are cation facies and chloride-bicarbonate, bicarbonate-chloride and bicarbonate are anion facies. Correlating with WHO (Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 1, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1997) and EQS (Environmental quality standard, Department of Environment, Bangladesh, 1989) guideline values for drinking water and public health, it may be concluded that the groundwater of the study area is suitable for all drinking and domestic purposes, where only three samples exceed the maximum allowable limit of potassium. Based on total hardness, SAR, RSC, PI, SSP and MH values, it can be summarized that the groundwater of the investigated area is suitable for irrigation purpose. On the basis of Australian and UNESCO standard, the groundwater of the study area is also suitable for livestock purposes. The Rangpur area is hydrogeologically active by the processes like ion exchange and dissolution. Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and HCO 3 − are produced by the dissolution of limestone and dolomite.
Geochemical and quality assessment of groundwater in some Nigerian basement complex
Geochemical and quality assessment of groundwater in some Nigerian basement complex A. M. Odukoya 1 2 3 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Islamic Azad University (IAU). This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Physicochemical properties of groundwater in parts of Irun Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2021
Ten groundwater samples from hand dug wells were collected at Irun Akoko within the basement complex of part of southwestern Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the groundwater suitability for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The groundwater samples were analysed for some physical and chemical constituents including pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, PO4 and NO3. The pH (7.0 – 7.9) and TDS (12.26 – 19.35 mg/l) of the groundwater indicate that the water is neutral to slightly alkaline and fresh respectively. The order of relative abundance for concentration of cations in the groundwater is K>Ca>Na>Mg, while that of anions is Cl>SO4>NO3>PO4. The concentrations of potassium in about 90% and chloride in about 40 % of the samples were above the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. Other hydro-geochemical parameters Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, PO4 and NO3 falls within the WHO standards. Values of Sodium Abso...
Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 14(3): 140-152, ISSN: 1743-2790, 2018
The study was aimed at ascertaining the suitability of groundwater quality in northern part of Abakaliki province for drinking and irrigation purposes. A total of 30 groundwater samples were randomly collected from different areas of Province. Each sample was analyzed for the major ions based on standard methods. The pH, TDS, EC, TH, SAR and Na % parameters and concentrations of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + and Na + cations, and Cl-, NO 3-, HCO 3-and SO 4-2 anions were measured. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters assessed were within the maximum permissible limits for drinking water in all the areas sampled. From the Paper diagram, the main groundwater types were Ca-Cl, Ca-Mg-Cl, Ca-HCO 3 and Na-Cl-Ca facies. SAR, Na % and EC values of the samples fall under the excellent and good classes category. The results showed that the quality of the groundwater in the northern part of Abakaliki province were suitable for both drinking and irrigation purposes.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2022
The hydrochemical properties and groundwater quality assessment of groundwater samples from Kurudu area of Abuja, north central Nigeria, was investigated with the aim to evaluating their suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, and electrical conductivity were analysed. The major cations and anions were also analysed. Hydrochemical facies of the water samples were analysed employing Piper diagram and Gibbs diagram while the suitability of the water for irrigation purposes was assessed using indices such as Kelly's ratio, Sodium percentage ratio, Magnesium hazard, Permeability Index and Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR). The physicochemical parameters of the water samples are within the acceptable limit recommended by WHO (2011). Physiochemical results showed that the dominant cation occur in the order of Ca 2+ > Na + > K + > Mg 2+ with average values of 19.9mg/l, 16.15mg/l, 7.01mg/l and 4.38mg/l respectively, while the dominant anion ranged in the order of HCO3-> Cl-> SO4 2-> NO3with average values of 56.93mg/l, 35.5 mg/l, 8.38mg/l and 3.85mg/l respectively. The dominant hydrochemical facies identified in the samples is the mixed Ca-Mg-Cl which is a result of linear mixing processes of water in the study area. Gibbs plot indicated that ions concentration in the water is primarily contributed by chemical weathering of the rock-forming minerals. Irrigation indices all suggested that the water samples are good for irrigation purposes. Results from the study indicate that, with a few exceptions, water in the study area is suitable for human consumption and irrigation purposes.
American journal of water resources, 2019
The natural quality of groundwater is controlled by aquifer hydrology, geochemistry, and the geology. The principal objective of the study was to estimate and characterize the water quality parameters of groundwater using World Health Organisation (WHO) for drinking purpose. In view of objectives of the study, groundwater quality assessment was carried out in selected 67 water wells in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The analyzed parameters are electrical conductivity, pH, oxidation potential (Eh), acidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, calcium (Ca 2+), magnesium (Mg 2+), Sodium (Na +), potassium (K +), chloride (Cl-), bi-carbonate (HCO 3-), sulphate (SO 4 2-), and nitrate (NO 3-). The temperature of the groundwater varies from 25.9-30.8°C with a mean of 27.9°C. All the water samples are colourless, odourless, and tasteless, with clear appearance. The recorded pH varies from 5.2-7.0 and characterized by an acidic condition. The EC of water samples is in the range of 53-874 / (avg. of 189.8 /). The water type is a recharged water, with value of TDS ranging from 40mg/l to 424 mg/l, and an average of 96.7 mg/l, indicative of fresh water. The cations and anions satisfy the WHO standard for drinking purpose with about 95% compliance. The sequence of the abundance of the major ions is in the following order: HCO 3-> Cl-> SO 4 2-> NO 3 for anions, and Ca 2+ > K + > Na + > Mg 2+ for cations .The calculated values of WQI vary from 22% to 60%. The study area is widely (90% areal coverage) characterized by "Good water" in the range of 26-50%, with hardness varying from soft to very hard water. The "Excellent water" is only associated with Sample S-34 in the northwestern part of the study area, while "Bad water" fall (S-21, S-28, S-57, and S-65) within a small portion of biotite granite and migmatite geologic units.
Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2019
A total of five borehole samples were collected from five towns in Owerri metropolis, South-eastern Nigeria and subjected to physio-chemical analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and other standard equipment with the aim of characterizing and analysing the groundwater quality indicators. These quality indicators are namely: pH, temperature, total hardness, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Cr2+. With the aid of geochemical diagrams acquired using Aquachem 2014.2, we classified the groundwater samples into their respective hydrogeochemical facies, identified their relative similarity and demonstrated the irrigability of the groundwater. The results showed that the groundwater quality indicators occur in the groundwater in amounts that fall within their respective permissible limits as set by World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking Water Standard, and therefore ascertained the groundwater portable and suitable for drinking. The pH of the groundwater has a mean value of 6.7 with a standard deviation of 0.26. The relative abundance of the majority of cations follows this sequence - Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+, while that of the anions follow this sequence - HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3-. Heavy metals constituents of the groundwater follow this order of relative abundance - Zn2+ > Fe2+ > Mn2+ > Cu2+ > Cr2+ > Pb2+. Three hydrogeochemical facies were identified in the area and they are: the Na+—Cl- water type, the Mixed Ca2+-Na+-HCO3- water type and the Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- water type. Great similarities were identified between the geochemical composition of the samples and they are all evidently suitable for irrigation purposes. The TDS level and concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- demonstrated the freshness and softness of the groundwater, with no laxative effects. From series of computations and plots, silicate weathering and seawater intrusion were deduced to be the dominant factors controlling the groundwater chemistry, though there is evidence of poor rock dissolution – immature water-rock equilibrium.
SN Applied Sciences
Water quality indices allow for defining the acceptable limits for water usage. This paper evaluates the suitability of water for industrial and domestic uses. Hydrogeochemical data were derived from previous studies and exposed to an internal consistency test. Groundwater was classified using physicochemical parameters and water quality indices. Multivariate analysis (factor and clustering analyses) was applied to identify the sources of ions and classify groundwater. Similarly, regression analysis was used to model the hydrochemistry of the study area. Results indicated groundwater of varying quality based on hardness, TDS, EC, chloride, and nitrate. Groundwater classification based on the Chadha diagram revealed a Na-HCO 3 water type in the Kudenda-Nassarawa area. Kaduna South and Kakuri and its Environs have a Ca-Mg-Cl water type. Calcium, Mg, Na, and TDS constituted the major elements influencing the hydrochemistry of groundwater based on regression analysis. Factor analysis showed that aquifers are strongly influenced by rock weathering. Also, cluster analysis revealed different types of water sources based on their hydrogeochemical characteristics. The results of multivariate analysis concurred with Gibb's model. However, groundwater is unsuitable for industrial use since it is undersaturated with calcium carbonate. Thus, water treatment is required to avoid serious corrosion.