From the quest for autonomy to the dual break: structural and agential changes in Brazil’s foreign policy during the 21st century (original) (raw)

Between Autonomy and Dependency: the Place of Agency in Brazilian Foreign Policy

Brazilian Political Science Review

The article examines the construction of the concept of autonomy in Latin America and discusses to what extent it can be applied to contemporary Brazilian foreign policy. The article irst examines classical de initions of the concept, and then looks at the ways in which it has been used to analyze Brazilian foreign policy for over half a century. We then reaf irm the importance of agency and how power relations vary from one thematic area to another. In doing so, the article advocates the concept's applicability for explaining certain behaviours, but rejects its use as a "grand strategy".

The quest for autonomy : the evolution of Brazil's role in the international system, 1964-1985

1986

The Quest for Autonomy: The Evolution of Brazil's Role in the the International System, 1964-1985. Andrew James Hurrell, Christ Church. D.Phil. Thesis. Faculty of Social Studies. Trinity Term 1986. This thesis has two principal objectives: firstly, to provide a systematic account of the evolution of Brazil's international role during the twenty-one years of military rule from 1964 to 1985 and, secondly, to evaluate the extent to which developments in Brazilian foreign relations during this period have enabled the country to attain a more autonomous and independent role in world affairs. The first part of the thesis outlines the major themes of Brazilian foreign policy before 1964. It argues that in the early post-war period Brazil's international freedom of manoeuvre was limited by two principal factors: the consoldidation of United States hegemony over Latin America and the absence of alternative relationships. The following five chapters then trace the evolution of for...

Brazilian Foreign Policy in the Cardoso Era: The Search for Autonomy through Integration

Latin American Perspectives, 2007

The Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration attempted to replace a reactive foreign policy agenda dominated by a logic of autonomy through distance with a proactive international agenda guided by a logic of autonomy through integration . In adopting this agenda, the administration maintained that Brazil would be able to confront its problems and secure more control over its future if it actively contributed to elaborating the norms and guidelines of the administration of the global order. Because of structural weaknesses, however, this policy of integration, adherence, and participation was not adequately accompanied by positions entailing practical responsibilities—responsibilities that would have prepared both government and civil society for a higher profile in the post—cold-war era. In the end, the gains achieved during Cardoso's tenure failed to alter Brazil's international standing in any significant way.

New configuration of the Brazilian state: liberty and development in the evolution of government in Brazil

Bar Brazilian Administration Review, 2010

The recent events in the global economy have revitalized the debate about the size and functions of the State. The neoliberal discourse was put in check, reopening the discussions concerning Market Liberty and the importance of the State. Since the proclamation of the Republic, the Brazilian government has undergone numerous reforms, sometimes assuming a liberal, external market dependent orientation, while at other times assuming an authoritarian, developmental state-driven orientation. The aim of this article is to develop insights into the evolution of the governmental organization and reflect on the assumptions that lie behind the various reforms that have taken place since the beginning of the Republic. The theoretical framework is divided into three parts: Development and Liberty based on the perspectives of Friedrich Hayek and Amartya Sen; the role of the State and its impact on the economy and; the formats assumed by the Brazilian State throughout the history of the Republic. The latter part of the work returns to the theoretical framework, summarizing all that has been discussed in order to fulfil the aims of the study.

Atlas of Brazilian Foreign Policy

The portrait of Brazil’s place in the world that emerges from this publication is of a diverse and complex country, a mass democracy implementing a many-faceted foreign policy, and having all the credentials to be a model for countries of the South caught in the stormy waters of a globalised and unequal economy. It is also part of a stratified geopolitical order, but with some multilateral spaces; above all, it possesses a huge heterogeneity of culture and values whose management requires international actors that make tolerance, fairness and respect for diversity the core of its international integration.

The Politics of Brazilian Foreign Policy and Its Analytical Challenges

Foreign Policy Analysis, 2016

Starting from the perspective that foreign policy is a public policy, this article discusses the conceptual and political implications of the new configuration of Brazilian foreign policy. Therefore, we abandon its automatic association with the cruder versions of realism and bring it to the field of politics, thus recognizing that its formulation and implementation fall into the dynamics of governmental choices which, in turn, stem from negotiations within coalitions, bargaining, disputes, and agreements between representatives of diverse interests. As a result, we remove foreign policy from a condition linked to inertial and supposedly self-evident and/or permanent national interests (which would be protected from injunctions of cyclical nature related to partisan politics) and undress it of features generally attributed to so-called state policies. Finally, we suggest ways for an innovative research agenda on the role of diplomatic agency, political institutions, and nonstate actors in Brazil's foreign policy. It used to be common among foreign policy analysts both from academia and from the media to ascribe the sources of Brazilian foreign policy mainly to a single agency. The main responsibility for Brazilian foreign policy making was generally attributed to either an individual (generally, the President or the Foreign Minister) or an institution (the Foreign Ministry, best known as Itamaraty). The reasons for this are well known: On the one hand, Brazilian presidentialism concentrates too much agency in the president's hands (Abranches 1988), giving him/her, when particularly attentive to foreign policy issues, a great latitude for action. On the other hand, the long-standing professionalism of Brazilian

Democracy Postponed: A political economy of Brazil’s oligarchic foreign policy

DESCRIPTION The paper makes five related arguments. First, Brazil’s deepening insertion in the global strategic and political economy has led both to a certain democratization of its foreign policy and to a weaker hold by Itamaraty over policy formulation and implementation. Second, by global standards and in spite of the opening just mentioned, Brazil remains relatively insulated from the vagaries of world affairs. Third, the pressures on Itamaraty’s monopoly resulting from Brazil’s deeper global insertion have been reinforced by the peculiar institutional forms of the country’s engagement. Fourth, the growing technical requirements of international policy-making has forced the generalists that overwhelmingly dominate the Ministry to rely on the expertise of other government departments or even outside think tanks and specialists, further weakening Itamaraty’s monopoly. Fifth, in spite of these structural, institutional and technical pressures, Itamaraty’s hold over foreign policy ...

1748) O Brasil como ator regional e como emergente global: Estratégias de política externa e impacto na nova ordem internacional (2007)

Digesto Econômico, 2008

Brasília, 3 maio 2007, 23 p. Contribuição ao seminário Re-Ordering the World? Emerging Powers and Prospects for Global Governance, organizado pela Friedrich Ebert Stiftung - Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (Berlim, 15-16 de maio de 2007). Feita versão em inglês, sob o título “Brazil as a regional player and as an emerging global power: Foreign policy strategies and the impact on the new international order”. Versão reduzida em inglês para publicação pela FES-SWP, dia 7.07.07; publicado sob a forma de Briefing Paper, series Dialogue on Globalization (Berlin: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, July 2007). Publicado, sob o título de “O Brasil como ator regional e global: estratégias de política externa na nova ordem internacional”, na revista Cena Internacional (Brasília: Instituto de Relações Internacionais da UnB (IREL), vol. 9, n. 1, 2007, p. 7-36; ISSN: 1982-3347). Aproveitado para compor ensaio (sob n. 1811) destinado a livro a ser editado por Joseph Love e Werner Baer, sobre a primeira administração Lula. Republicado em duas partes no periódico eletrônico Cenário Internacional (Brasília: 14.12.2007; ISSN: 1981-9102). Revisto em janeiro de 2008 (Marilia) a pedido da revista Digesto Econômico e publicado sob o título de “O Brasil como ator regional e como emergente global: estratégias de política externa e impacto na nova ordem internacional”, Digesto Econômico (São Paulo: Associação Comercial; ano 62, n. 446, jan-fev 2008, p. 46-61; ISSN: 0101-4218). Relação de Publicados n. 768.